Stereodivergent synthesis and relative stereostructure of the C1-C13 fragment of symbiodinolide

Four possible diastereomers of the C1-C13 fragment of symbiodinolide, which were proposed by the stereostructural analysis of the degraded product, were synthesized in a stereodivergent and stereoselective manner. The key transformations were aldol reaction of methyl acetoacetate with the aldehyde, diastereoselective reduction of the resulting β-hydroxy ketone, and the stereoinversion at the C6 position. Comparison of the (1)H NMR data between the four synthetic products and the degraded product revealed the relative stereostructure of the C1-C13 fragment of symbiodinolide

小学生がうま味の相乗効果を学ぶための味覚授業の実施

The purpose of this study was to assess whether elementary school children were able to learn the synergistic effects of umami flavor through the implementation of a sense of taste class for them. The sense of taste class held for 182 elementary school children (aged, 10–11 years old in Kyoto city). The subjects assessed three types of broths: dried bonito (DB), kombu kelp (KK), and dried bonito-kombu kelp (DB-KK). The subject evaluated the broth for several factors: tastiness, umami flavor, aroma, fishy smell. In addition, children were asked to write their own comments about what they had learned or noticed. A total of 147 healthy subjects were analyzed.The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the children sensed umami flavor and tastiness more significantly in DB-KK broth than in KK broth. They also evaluated the DB broth and DB-KK broth to have a significantly better aroma than KK broth (both at p<0.05). The analysis of the comment showed that 11 children (7.5%) wrote about their understanding of the fundamental taste umami, and 31 children (21.1%) wrote about understanding the synergistic effect of umami flavor. These results suggest that the implementation of the sense of taste class is effective to learn the synergistic effects of umami flavor.論

小学生のかつおだしと煮干しだしの風味に対する評価：食育取り組み年数が異なる2 校の比較

We compared evaluations of the flavors of dried bonito and niboshi extract soup stock for 5- 6 grade elementary school children（121 children）at two different schools. The two different schools were an elementary school that had implemented shokuiku（food and nutrition education）-related activities for 4 years（4th year school）and an elementary school that had implemented shokuiku-related activities for the first time（1st year school）. The results from fifth graders in elementary school showed that the deliciousness, umami taste, and aroma of both soup stocks（dried bonito and niboshi extract）were rated significantly higher in the 4th year school than in the 1st year school. In the 4th year school, several years of shokuiku-related activities may have increased the taste sensitivity of children to soup stock flavors.原著論

Phospholipase D Family Member 4, a Transmembrane Glycoprotein with No Phospholipase D Activity, Expression in Spleen and Early Postnatal Microglia

BACKGROUND: Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes conversion of phosphatidylcholine into choline and phosphatidic acid, leading to a variety of intracellular signal transduction events. Two classical PLDs, PLD1 and PLD2, contain phosphatidylinositide-binding PX and PH domains and two conserved His-x-Lys-(x)(4)-Asp (HKD) motifs, which are critical for PLD activity. PLD4 officially belongs to the PLD family, because it possesses two HKD motifs. However, it lacks PX and PH domains and has a putative transmembrane domain instead. Nevertheless, little is known regarding expression, structure, and function of PLD4. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: PLD4 was analyzed in terms of expression, structure, and function. Expression was analyzed in developing mouse brains and non-neuronal tissues using microarray, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. Structure was evaluated using bioinformatics analysis of protein domains, biochemical analyses of transmembrane property, and enzymatic deglycosylation. PLD activity was examined by choline release and transphosphatidylation assays. Results demonstrated low to modest, but characteristic, PLD4 mRNA expression in a subset of cells preferentially localized around white matter regions, including the corpus callosum and cerebellar white matter, during the first postnatal week. These PLD4 mRNA-expressing cells were identified as Iba1-positive microglia. In non-neuronal tissues, PLD4 mRNA expression was widespread, but predominantly distributed in the spleen. Intense PLD4 expression was detected around the marginal zone of the splenic red pulp, and splenic PLD4 protein recovered from subcellular membrane fractions was highly N-glycosylated. PLD4 was heterologously expressed in cell lines and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Moreover, heterologously expressed PLD4 proteins did not exhibit PLD enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Results showed that PLD4 is a non-PLD, HKD motif-carrying, transmembrane glycoprotein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The spatiotemporally restricted expression patterns suggested that PLD4 might play a role in common function(s) among microglia during early postnatal brain development and splenic marginal zone cells

学生の衛生管理習得度に及ぼすオリジナルビデオ教材と大量調理実習の実施回数の効果の検討

本研究では，管理栄養士専攻学生の大量調理実習において，クラウド型授業支援システム（manaba course）を活用してビデオ教材の動画を配信した受講生（ビデオ教材-manaba配信群）とビデオ教材を導入していない受講生（ビデオ教材なし群）の衛生管理習得度を比較した。大量調理7回目のビデオ教材-manaba配信群（81人）とビデオ教材なし群（97人）の習得度を比較したところ，ビデオ教材-manaba配信群がビデオ教材なし群よりも「指導できる」・「一人で実践できる」と回答した者の割合が高かった項目は「水質検査」のみであった。一方，ビデオ教材が実習に役立つと回答した者は98%であった。さらに，衛生管理習得度に対する大量調理の実施回数の効果を検討した。大量調理を伴う実習が0，2，4，7回目（大量調理0回，2回，4回，7回）の際に習得度を調査した。大量調理7回目で「指導できる」・「一人で実践できる」と回答した学生が過半数を超えたのは3項目であり，衛生管理習得度が高い項目は実習での作業経験者の割合も高かった。これらの結果より，大量調理実習における衛生管理習得度の向上には，学生が実際に衛生管理に関する作業を経験することが重要であると考えられた。また，ビデオ教材の活用は，学生自らの経験には及ばないが，衛生管理に関する知識を補い，実習の予習や復習に役立つ可能性が高いと考えられた。研究ノー

AMY coordinated observations, reanalysis and data management

Proceedings of GRENE 3rd Workshop (17-19 March, 2014, Bali, Indonesia

Impact of connective tissue disease on the surgical outcomes of aortic dissection in patients with cystic medial necrosis

Abstract Background A retrospective analysis was performed to determine the impact of genetically diagnosed connective tissue disease (CTD) on the early and late outcomes of surgical treatment for aortic dissection in patients having aortic pathology associated with cystic medial necrosis (CMN). Methods Between 2003 and 2013, a total of 43 patients (37 ± 12.8 years old, 23 men, 20 women) who had undergone surgery for aortic dissection associated with CMN in the aortic wall underwent genetic examinations. Subsequently, there were 30 patients with CTD (CTD group) and 13 without CTD (non-CTD group). Results There were no early or late deaths (the follow-up rate was 100% for 57.1 ± 43.0 months). The median age was significantly lower in the CTD group (p = 0.030). The rate of elastic fiber loss was significantly higher in the CTD group (p = 0.014). In the long-term follow-up, there were no significant differences in the incidences of re-dissection (p = 0.332). However, re-operations were required more frequently in the CTD group (p = 0.037). Conclusions In patients with CTD as well as CMN, the onset of aortic dissection tends to be earlier, which would result in higher rates of re-operation, compared with the non-CTD group. Closer and stricter follow-up with medication and adequate surgical treatments with appropriate timing are mandatory for such high-risk patients