Закон больших чисел при нарушениях статистической устойчивости

Понятие сходимости последовательности случайных величин обобщено на случай сходимости последовательности гиперслучайных величин. Показано, что закон больших чисел имеет место не только при наличии сходимости выборочного среднего к фиксированному числу, но и тогда, когда такой сходимости нет. Установлено, что выборочное среднее случайной величины может сходиться к фиксированному числу, стремиться к плюс бесконечности, минус бесконечности или флуктуировать в пределах определенного интервала, а выборочное среднее гиперслучайной величины может сходиться к фиксированной величине, множеству фиксированных величин (множеству чисел), флуктуировать в непересекающихся интервалах, флуктуировать в пределах одного интервала или стремиться к плюс или минус бесконечности.Поняття збіжності послідовності випадкових величин узагальнено на випадок збіжності послідовності гіпервипадкових величин. Показано, що закон великих чисел має місце не тільки у разі, коли є збіжність вибіркового середнього до фіксованого числа, але й коли такої збіжності немає. Встановлено, що вибіркове середнє випадкових величин може збігатись до фіксованого числа, прямувати до плюс чи мінус нескінченності або флуктувати в межах інтервалу, а вибіркове середнє гіпервипадкової величини може збігатись до фіксованого числа, множини фіксованих чисел, флуктувати в межах інтервалів, що не перетинаються, флуктувати в межах одного інтервалу або прямувати до плюс чи мінус нескінченності.The term sequence convergence of random quantities has been generalized to the sequence convergence of hyper-random quantities. It has been shown that the low of large numbers for random sequence is correct not only when the average tends to fixed number but in case of the absence of the convergence. It has been found that the average of random variables can approach to the fixed number, tend to plus or minus infinity or fluctuate within the interval and the average of hyper-random variable can approach to the fixed number, to the set of fix numbers, fluctuate within the of disjoint intervals, fluctuate within the single interval or tend to plus or minus infinity

Geopolitics of bitterness: deciphering the history and cultural biogeography of Quassia amara L

Naturali

The Geomechanics of CO2 Storage in Deep Sedimentary Formations

This paper provides a review of the geomechanics and modeling of geomechanics associated with geologic carbon storage (GCS), focusing on storage in deep sedimentary formations, in particular saline aquifers. The paper first introduces the concept of storage in deep sedimentary formations, the geomechanical processes and issues related with such an operation, and the relevant geomechanical modeling tools. This is followed by a more detailed review of geomechanical aspects, including reservoir stress-strain and microseismicity, well integrity, caprock sealing performance, and the potential for fault reactivation and notable (felt) seismic events. Geomechanical observations at current GCS field deployments, mainly at the In Salah CO2 storage project in Algeria, are also integrated into the review. The In Salah project, with its injection into a relatively thin, low-permeability sandstone is an excellent analogue to the saline aquifers that might be used for large scale GCS in parts of Northwest Europe, the U.S. Midwest, and China. Some of the lessons learned at In Salah related to geomechanics are discussed, including how monitoring of geomechanical responses is used for detecting subsurface geomechanical changes and tracking fluid movements, and how such monitoring and geomechanical analyses have led to preventative changes in the injection parameters. Recently, the importance of geomechanics has become more widely recognized among GCS stakeholders, especially with respect to the potential for triggering notable (felt) seismic events and how such events could impact the long-term integrity of a CO{sub 2} repository (as well as how it could impact the public perception of GCS). As described in the paper, to date, no notable seismic event has been reported from any of the current CO{sub 2} storage projects, although some unfelt microseismic activities have been detected by geophones. However, potential future commercial GCS operations from large power plants will require injection at a much larger scale. For such largescale injections, a staged, learn-as-you-go approach is recommended, involving a gradual increase of injection rates combined with continuous monitoring of geomechanical changes, as well as siting beneath a multiple layered overburden for multiple flow barrier protection, should an unexpected deep fault reactivation occur

Le raid des 7 bornes: leçons d’une traversée est/ouest du sud de la Guyane.

National audienceLa région de la frontière terrestre entre Guyane française et Brésil, souvent désignée sous le nom de « monts Tumuc-Humac », a longtemps attiré l’attention des explorateurs, puis des aventuriers, en raison des difficultés d’accès mais aussi en raison de son association avec la légende de l’Eldorado. Pourtant, en raison des difficultés d’accès, la traversée est-ouest de ce que certains ont présenté comme un « massif », voire une« cordillère » n’a quasiment jamais été entreprise avant le XXe siècle. Nous présentons dans ce texte les résultats d’une expédition, menée en 2015, qui a suivi dans son intégralité la frontière terrestre entre la Guyane française et le Brésil, réalisant donc ce trajet : « le raid des 7 bornes ». En plus de sa dimension logistique et sportive, le raid se voulait une reconnaissance géographique, permettant de replacer la frontière dans soncontexte historique et géographique et apportant des éléments pour l’étude des formations végétales ou du peuplement ancien. Bien que tous les résultats ne soient pas encore disponibles, ce texte vise à présenter l’opération et la manière dont elle a été réalisée, ainsi que ses principaux enseignements. Nous présentons donc dans un premier temps le contexte de l’exploration du sud de la Guyane et des « monts Tumuc-Humac » depuis le XVIIIe siècle. Nous décrivons ensuite l’expédition telle qu’elle était conçue et la manière dont elle s’est déroulée, en zone coeur du Parc amazonien de Guyane. Nous livrons ensuite les principaux résultats disponibles à ce jour

Phytotherapies in motion: French Guiana as a case study for cross-cultural ethnobotanical hybridization

Background French Guiana is characterized by a very multicultural population, made up of formerly settled groups (Amerindians, Maroons, Creoles) and more recent migrants (mostly from Latin America and the Caribbean). It is the ideal place to try to understand the influence of intercultural exchanges on the composition of medicinal floras and the evolution of phytotherapies under the effect of cross-culturalism. Methods A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Semi-directive interviews were conducted in 12 localities of French Guiana’s coast between January 2016 and June 2017, and the responses to all closed questions collected during the survey were computerized in an Excel spreadsheet to facilitate quantitative processing. Herbarium vouchers were collected and deposited at the Cayenne Herbarium to determine Linnaean names of medicinal species mentioned by the interviewees. A list of indicator species for each cultural group considered was adapted from community ecology to this ethnobiological context, according to the Dufrêne-Legendre model, via the “labdsv” package and the “indval” function, after performing a redundancy analysis (RDA). Results A total of 205 people, belonging to 15 distinct cultural groups, were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. A total of 356 species (for 106 botanical families) were cited. We observed that pantropical and edible species hold a special place in these pharmacopeias. If compared to previous inventories, 31 recently introduced species can be counted. Furthermore, this study shows that the majority of the plants used are not specific to a particular group but shared by many communities. However, despite this obvious cross-culturalism of medicinal plants between the different cultural communities of French Guiana, divergent trends nevertheless appear through the importance of 29 indicator/cultural keystone species in 10 cultural groups. Finally, we have emphasized that the transmission of herbal medicine’s knowledge in French Guiana is mainly feminine and intra-cultural. Conclusion French Guianese medicinal flora is undoubtedly related to the multiple cultures that settled this territory through the last centuries. Cultural pharmacopeias are more hybrid than sometimes expected, but cultural keystone species nevertheless arise from a common background, allowing to understand, and define, the relationships between cultural groups

Des savoirs sans frontières ? Circulations et échanges de plantes et de savoirs phyto-médicaux sur la frontière franco-brésilienne

National audienc

Treating leishmaniasis in Amazonia : a review of ethnomedicinal concepts and pharmaco-chemical analysis of traditional treatments to inspire modern phytotherapies

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases that occur in all intertropical regions of the world. Amazonian populations have developed an abundant knowledge of the disease and its remedies. Therefore, we undertook to review traditional antileishmanial plants in Amazonia and have developed new tools to analyze this somewhat dispersed information. Material and methods: A literature review of traditional remedies for cutaneous/mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon was conducted and the data obtained was used to calculate distribution indexes designed to highlight the most relevant uses in Amazonia. The cultural distribution index represents the distribution rate of a given taxon among different cultural groups and was calculated as the ratio of the number of groups using the taxon to the total number of groups cited. The geographical distribution index allowed us to quantify spatial distribution of a taxon's uses in Amazonia and was calculated geometrically by measuring the average distance between the points where uses have been reported and the barycenter of those points. The general distribution index was defined as an arithmetic combination of the previous two and provides information on both cultural and spatial criteria. Results: 475 use reports, concerning 291 botanical species belonging to 83 families have been gathered depicted from 29 sources. Uses concern 34 cultural groups. While the use of some taxa appears to be Pan Amazonian, some others are clearly restricted to small geographical regions. Particular attention has been paid to the recipes and beliefs surrounding treatments. Topical application of the remedies dominated the other means of administration and this deserves particular attention as the main treatments against Neotropical leishmaniasis are painful systemic injections. The data set was analyzed using the previously defined distribution indexes and the most relevant taxa were further discussed from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view. Conclusions: The Amazonian biodiversity and cultural heritage host a fantastic amount of data whose systematic investigation should allow a better large-scale understanding of the dynamics of traditional therapies and the consequent discovery of therapeutic solutions for neglected diseases. Distribution indices are indeed powerful tools for emphasizing the most relevant treatments against a given disease and should be very useful in the meta-analysis of other regional pharmacopeia. This focus on renowned remedies that have not yet benefitted from extended laboratory studies, could stimulate future research on new treatments of natural origin for leishmaniasis