Особенности клинической манифестации первичной открытоугольной глаукомы у пациентов с наследственно отягощенным анамнезом заболевания

This review describes currently most well-known research findings dedicated to the specific features of manifestation and course of primary open-angle glaucoma with hereditary tainted history. Despite the fact that aggravated heredity has been confirmed as a risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the information on the clinical features and progression patterns of POAG in patients with hereditary predisposition presented in the existing publications is scattered, and its availability is still limited by the amount of included material. All of this, in turn, makes it impossible to fully predict the course of the disease and to discuss the possibility of its earlier detection in that population group. The discussion presented in this work points out the type of kinship for which the risk of developing glaucoma is most relevant, as well as the supposed characteristics of the age of onset of POAG among patients with a family history of this disease. The results of the studies analyzed in this review can help actualize the viewpoint on the possible differences in clinical manifestations of the disease in patients with hereditary (familial) and sporadic forms of glaucoma, as well as on the necessity of further clinical research in this area.В данном обзоре рассмотрены наиболее известные на данный момент результаты исследований, посвященных особенностям проявления и течения первичной открытоугольной глаукомы (ПОУГ) с наследственно отягощенным анамнезом заболевания. Несмотря на то, что факт отягощенной наследственности как риска развития ПОУГ подтвержден, информация о клинических особенностях и характере прогрессирования ПОУГ у пациентов с наследственной предрасположенностью, представленной в современных публикациях, носит разрозненный характер, а их доступность все еще ограничена числом включенного материала. Все это, в свою очередь, не позволяет в полной мере строить прогнозы течения болезни и обсуждать возможности более раннего обнаружения заболевания среди этой группы населения.Обсуждение, представленное в публикации, позволило отметить характер родства, для которого риск развития глаукомы наиболее актуален, а также предполагаемые характеристики возраста проявления заболевания ПОУГ среди пациентов с наличием семейного анамнеза. Результаты работ, представленных в данном обзоре, дают возможность актуализировать позицию о наличии различий клинической манифестации заболевания у пациентов с наследственной (семейной) и спорадической формами глаукомы, а также о необходимости дальнейших клинических исследований в этой области

Designing spin-spin interactions with one and two dimensional ion crystals in planar micro traps

We discuss the experimental feasibility of quantum simulation with trapped ion crystals, using magnetic field gradients. We describe a micro structured planar ion trap, which contains a central wire loop generating a strong magnetic gradient of about 20 T/m in an ion crystal held about 160 \mu m above the surface. On the theoretical side, we extend a proposal about spin-spin interactions via magnetic gradient induced coupling (MAGIC) [Johanning, et al, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 42 (2009) 154009]. We describe aspects where planar ion traps promise novel physics: Spin-spin coupling strengths of transversal eigenmodes exhibit significant advantages over the coupling schemes in longitudinal direction that have been previously investigated. With a chip device and a magnetic field coil with small inductance, a resonant enhancement of magnetic spin forces through the application of alternating magnetic field gradients is proposed. Such resonantly enhanced spin-spin coupling may be used, for instance, to create Schr\"odinger cat states. Finally we investigate magnetic gradient interactions in two-dimensional ion crystals, and discuss frustration effects in such two-dimensional arrangements.Comment: 20 pages, 13 figure

Анализ динамики структурных и гемодинамических параметров макулярной области у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой и сахарным диабетом при долгосрочном наблюдении

PURPOSE. To study the changes in structural and hemodynamic parameters of the retina and foveolar avascular zone (FAZ) over time in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and diabetes mellitus (DM) observed in long-term follow-up.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 258 patients (258 eyes) divided into five groups: group 1 — 58 patients (58 eyes) with stage I POAG and DM; group 2 — 50 patients (50 eyes) with stage I POAG; group 3 — 50 patients (50 eyes) with stage III POAG and DM; group 4 — 50 patients (50 eyes) with stage III POAG; group 5 — 50 patients (50 eyes) with DM. Patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmological examination, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), optical coherence tomo-graphy angiography (OCT-A) of the macular region. The follow-up lasted 24 months.RESULTS. Analysis of the initial parameters in groups of patients with comorbidities showed the lowest values compared to controls, which were progressively worsening. MD in the group with DM + stage I POAG had reliably decreased after 12 months (by 5.05%), after 24 months by 12.12% (p≤0.05). The speed of GCL+IPL loss in groups 1 and 3 during the first year of observation was almost equal for initial and advanced glaucoma — 1.35 (-2.03%) and 1.32 (-2.36%) µm/year, but in group 3 the loss had doubled after two years (2.48 (-4.44%) and 1.41 (2.12%) µm/year). Deterioration of hymodynamic parameters in the macular region in groups 1 and 3 was noted primarily in the inner sectors (whole image vessel density in parafovea (PF wiVD) -0.79% during the first, and -2.57% during the second year in initial glaucoma, -0.6% and -1.24% in advanced, whole image vessel density in parafovea (PF wiVD) -0.2% and -1.22%, -0.66% and -1.56%, respectively). Parameters of FAZ had changed significantly after 2 years in patients with stage I POAG and DM: its area size had increased by 10.2%, perimeter by 4.49%, circularity index had decreased by 3.17%.CONCLUSION. Comorbidity of POAG and DM is accompanied by development and quick progression of significant changes in structural and hemodynamic parameters of the retina as observed by this long-term follow-up.ЦЕЛЬ. Изучить динамику структурных и гемодинамических параметров сетчатки и фовеолярной аваскулярной зоны (ФАЗ) у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой (ПОУГ) на фоне сахарного диабета (СД) при долгосрочном наблюдении.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В исследование включены 258 пациентов (258 глаз), которые разделены на следующие группы: 1-я группа ‒ 58 пациентов (58 глаз) с ПОУГ I стадии и СД; 2-я группа ‒ 50 пациентов (50 глаз) с ПОУГ I стадии; 3-я ‒ 50 пациентов (50 глаз) с ПОУГ III стадии и СД; 4-я ‒ 50 пациентов (50 глаз) с ПОУГ III стадии; 5–я ‒ 50 пациентов (50 глаз) с СД. Пациентам проведено полное офтальмологическое обследование, спектральная оптическая когерентная томография (ОКТ), оптическая когерентная томография с функцией ангиографии (OКT-A) макулы. Срок наблюдения 24 месяца.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Анализ исходных показателей в группах коморбидных пациентов показал самые низкие значения по сравнению с контрольными группами, ухудшающиеся по мере прогрессии заболевания. MD в группе СД+ПОУГ I стадии достоверно снизился через 12 месяцев (на 5,05%), через 24 месяца (на 12,12%, р≤0,05). Скорость потери комплекса ганглиозных клеток сетчатки и внутреннего плексиформного слоя сетчатки (GCL+IPL) в 1 и 3-й группах за первый год исследования была практически одинакова для начальной и далекозашедшей стадий — 1,35 (-2,03%) и 1,32 (-2,36%) мкм/год, но в 3-й группе через 2 года потеря увеличилась вдвое — 2,48 (-4,44%) и 1,41 (-2,12%) мкм/год. Ухудшение гемодинамики макулярной области в 1 и 3-й группах преимущественно отмечено во внутренних секторах (PF wiPD -0,79% за первый и -2,57% второй год при начальной стадии, -0,6 и -1,24% — при далекозашедшей глаукоме, PF wiVD-0,2% и -1,22%, -0,66 и -1,56% соответственно). Показатели ФАЗ за 2 года значимо изменились у пациентов с СД+ПОУГ I стадии: площадь увеличилась на 10,2%, периметр на 4,49%, а индекс циркулярности уменьшился на 3,17%.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Сочетанное течение ПОУГ и СД сопровождается развитием выраженных структурных и гемодинамических изменений сетчатки с высокой скоростью прогрессии при долгосрочном наблюдении

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age‐related trajectories inferred from cross‐sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3–90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter‐individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age‐related morphometric patterns

Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large-scale studies. In response, we used cross-sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3–90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age-related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta-analysis and one-way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.Education and Child Studie

Calculation of synchrotron radiation from high intensity electron beam at eRHIC

The Electron-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (eRHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab is an upgrade project for the existing RHIC. A 30 GeV energy recovery linac (ERL) will provide a high charge and high quality electron beam to collide with proton and ion beams. This will improve the luminosity by at least 2 orders of magnitude. The synchrotron radiation (SR) from the bending magnets and strong quadrupoles for such an intense beam could be penetrating the vacuum chamber and producing hazards to electronic devices and undesired background for detectors. In this paper, we calculate the SR spectral intensity, power density distributions and heat load on the chamber wall. We suggest the wall thickness required to stop the SR and estimate spectral characteristics of the residual and scattered background radiation outside the chamber

Spontaneous radiation calculations for the European XFEL

Calculating spontaneous radiation emission from longundulator sections such as those present in the EuropeanXFEL is important for several diagnostics and sciencecases. For realistic setups, and including effects of electronbeam focusing, emittance and energy spread in the electronbeam, these calculations should be performed numerically.We present these calculations for several electron beam andundulator parameters performed by various codes