208 research outputs found
Acquisition, storage and dissemination of socially dangerous information : theoretical and methodological issues of the legal prohibition
The research project is focused on the Russian and foreign practice of the legal prohibition of acquisition, storage and dissemination of socially dangerous information on the Internet. Other objects of studies include legal restrictions on freedom of the media in order to protect the constitutional order, the interests of the citizens and the security of the state.peer-reviewe
Experimental Research Into Generation of Acoustic Emission Signals in the Process of Friction of Hadfield Steel Single Crystals
The results of experimental research into dry sliding friction of Hadfield steel single crystals involving registration of acoustic emission are presented in the paper. The images of friction surfaces of Hadfield steel single crystals and wear grooves of the counterbody surface made after completion of three serial experiments conducted under similar conditions and friction regimes are given. The relation of the acoustic emission waveform envelope to the changing friction factor is revealed. Amplitude-frequency characteristics of acoustic emission signal frames are determined on the base of Fast Fourier Transform and Short Time Fourier Transform during the run-in stage of tribounits and in the process of stable friction
Variability of Properties Characterizing Persistent Potential of Cholera Vibrio in Biofilm Communities
Represented are the results of studies on variability of properties characterizing persistent potential of
V. cholerae in biofilm communities under the long-term cultivation in river water. Demonstrated is the fact that in the cold water epidemically significant cholera vibrios form thin biofilms and do not survive for the most part. But atoxigenic strains, isolated from the water, can survive in the environment both in the cold and warm time of the year due to formation of thick biofilm and realization of the persistent activity. Expressiveness of the properties studied, except antilysozyme activity (ALA), directly correlate with biofilm formation intensity. In case of ALA one observes inverse correlation
Diphosphonioiminobornane diperchlorate: Electrosynthesis, crystal structure, and hydrolysis
On of the products of electrochemical phosphorylation of camphene was 2-(C-methyl-C-trialkylphosphonio) methyleneimino-10-trialkylphosphoniomethyl) bornane diperhlorates. A mechanism of their formation was suggested consisting in the rearrangement of the intermediate camphenylphosphonium dication followed by selective addition of acetonitrile and a second trialkylphosphine molecules. The diperhlorate hydrolysis was found to lead to the synthesis of 2-acetamido-10-trialkylphosphoniobornane perchlorates. The 2-(C-methyl-C- tripropylphosphonio)methyleneimino-10-tripropylphosphoniomethyl)bornane and 2-acetamidoyl-10-tripropylphosphoniobornane structures were established by the X-ray diffraction study. Β© 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd
Synthesis, Self-Assembly and In Vitro Cellular Uptake Kinetics of Nanosized Drug Carriers Based on Aggregates of Amphiphilic Oligomers of N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
Development of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems is a major breakthrough in pharmacology, promising targeted delivery and reduction in drug toxicity. On the cellular level, encapsulation of a drug substantially affects the endocytic processes due to nanocarrierβmembrane interaction. In this study we synthesized and characterized nanocarriers assembled from amphiphilic oligomers of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with a terminal thiooctadecyl group (PVP-OD). It was found that the dissolution free energy of PVP-OD depends linearly on the molecular mass of its hydrophilic part up to [Formula: see text] = 2 Γ 10(4), leading to an exponential dependence of critical aggregation concentration (CAC) on the molar mass. A model hydrophobic compound (DiI dye) was loaded into the nanocarriers and exhibited slow release into the aqueous phase on a scale of 18 h. Cellular uptake of the loaded nanocarriers and that of free DiI were compared in vitro using glioblastoma (U87) and fibroblast (CRL2429) cells. While the uptake of both DiI/PVP-OD nanocarriers and free DiI was inhibited by dynasore, indicating a dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway as a major mechanism, a decrease in the uptake rate of free DiI was observed in the presence of wortmannin. This suggests that while macropinocytosis plays a role in the uptake of low-molecular components, this pathway might be circumvented by incorporation of DiI into nanocarriers
The Role of Cadaverine in Cholera Vibrio Adaptation to Stress Conditions, Induced by Hypoxia
Objective of the study is to evaluate the role of cadaverine in cholera vibrio adaptation to stress, induced by hypoxia. Materials and methods. Utilized have been 18 V. cholerae strains with different set of pathogenicity determinants. The strains are isolated from patients and from river-water. Results and conclusions. It is demonstrated that under experimental modeling of intestinal tract gas medium, cholera vibrios respond to unfavorable conditions of the environment by producing cadaverine. Its amount coincides with pathogenicity of cultures (it is higher in epidemically significant strains, than in the strains that lack genes of toxin and pilus production). It is established that the level of extracellular cadaverine production is greater than that of intracellular; but correlation of the parameters depends upon the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the environment. Intracellular cadaverine is mainly generated at a high oxygen concentration (10-12 %); while under extreme hypoxia
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠΠ§-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
Purpose of the study. Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of raltegravir regimens in HIV-infected patients with concomitant pathology in real clinical practice.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis was carried out of 277 outpatient records of HIV-infected patients who received raltegravir (RAL) as a third component both in patients without previous experience of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and in patients with experience of treatment with various somatic pathologies. The main criterion for the effectiveness of the scheme was the proportion of patients with undetectable viral load at the start of the analysis. Additional criteria for evaluating the efficacy and safety of the regimen were the dynamics of the number of CD4-lymphocytes, the frequency and nature of undesirable side reactions.Results. On average, patients with no experience of treatment and with experience of treatment received regimens with raltegravir for about 5 years. At the time of the study in 2020, 69.8% of patients on ART for the first time continued to take a regimen containing raltegravir. In this group, the proportion of patients with virological suppression (PCR of HIV RNA less than 50 kopecks / ml) was 97.7%. 75.2% of patients in the second group in 2020 continued to take the RAL regimen. The proportion of patients with virological suppression (VL less than 50 kopecks / ml) in this group was 97.5%. During the treatment, there was no discontinuation of the regimen in both groups due to undesirable side reactions to raltegravir.Conclusion. The results of this study confirm that RAL-based regimens provide a high level of efficacy with a good tolerance and safety profile in routine clinical practice for both naive and experienced patients with various somatic pathologies.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ, Ρ ΠΠΠ§-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· 277 Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΠ§-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ (RAL) ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠ Π’), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° CD4-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 5 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² 2020 Π³. 69,8% ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΠ Π’ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°-Π²ΠΈΡ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΠ¦Π Π ΠΠ ΠΠΠ§ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 50 ΠΊΠΎΠΏ/ΠΌΠ») ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 97,7%. 75,2% ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π² 2020 Π³. ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Ρ RAL. ΠΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΠ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 50 ΠΊΠΎΠΏ/ΠΌΠ») Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 97,5%. ΠΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ RAL ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Β«Π½Π°ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Β» ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
Methods of yeast genome editing
Yeasts are a convenient model eukaryote used for genome studies and genome editing. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the species most widely employed in biotechnology, since it is easily cultivated in bioreactors and is absolutely safe. The last decade saw a significant development of methods of yeast genetic engineering and the creation of novel instruments adapted from other fields, which allowed one to significantly accelerate the construction of new strains. The most prominent examples are the proteins used for directed DNA editing. For a long time, yeast genome engineering was based on the yeastsβ system of homologous recombination. It was sufficient for several decades before the development of highΒthroughput methods. Many highΒthroughput methods were developed in the second decade of the XXI century, including those used in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, interactomics, etc. Modern bioinformatic databases now allow one to rapidly process the increasing flow of information and model cellular processes. As a result, the rate of analysis and prediction of targets for genome editing is currently higher than the rate of genome editing, which led to the development of new methods of genetic engineering. This process was particularly pronounced for microorganisms. Modern tasks require tens, hundreds, sometimes even thousands of genome modifications, which made researchers to look for new techniques. As a result, the instruments used for more complex objects, such as animals, plants, and cell lines, were adapted for yeasts. Modern methods for yeast genome editing allow introducing several modifications into the genome in a single step. In this study, we review the methods of directed genome editing and their applications and perspectives for yeasts
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