ESTUDOS MONGÓIS NA RÚSSIA DA SEGUNDA METADE DO SÉCULO XIX Y INÍCIO DOS SÉCULOS XX: PESSOAS E DESTINOS DO PATRIMÔNIO CIENTÍFICO

The article highlights some aspects of the development of the Russian scientific school of Mongolian studies in the second half of XIX - the beginning of XX centuries – the time of a significant contribution of the St. Petersburg center to its history, which strengthens its position in the middle of the XIX century as a result of the transfer of the Eastern Department of Kazan University in St. Petersburg one. The formation of the educational process at the Mongolian-Kalmyk Department in St. Petersburg is in many respects a noble work of the professors transferred from Kazan, first of all, Alexander Vasilyevich Popov, then his student at Kazan University and colleague at St. Petersburg University Konstantin Fedorovich Golstunsky, who brought up his brilliant students-in consequence the authoritative Mongolian scholars, among them Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, whose life and fate connected two epochs in the history of Russia. A. M. Pozdneev had a chance to work in the post-October period, covering the period from 1917 to 1930, when the traditions of the former Imperial scientific school were still preserved with the active formation of the new Soviet science. Through the prism of the biography of one of the outstanding orientalists of the Russian scientific school Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, the features characterizing the life and activities of Russian scientists after the 1917 revolution, many of whom tried to find themselves in new conditions of existence, are traced. The fate of most of them, as well as A. M. Pozdneev, was tragic, this was facilitated by the extraordinary historical circumstances of the revolution and the civil war, exacerbated by epidemics of deadly diseases, which put scientists in unbearable conditions of existence. For belonging to the old scientific school, many were arrested and physically destroyed, and their scientific heritage was forgotten or subjected to distortion, denial. It should be noted that the tragedy of the scientific heritage, and in general, research activities, is inherent in the Mongol scholars of the Imperial period, it can be seen through the biographies of A.V. Popov and K.F. Golstunsky, whose works were not received proper distribution. Scientific and pedagogical work of A.V. Popov was interrupted by appointment to the post of Inspector of schools, and the biography and legacy of K.F. Golstunsky is not adequately covered, although he was at the head of Russian Mongol studies for many years.O artigo destaca alguns aspectos do desenvolvimento da escola científica russa de estudos mongóis na segunda metade do século XIX - início do século XX -, época de uma contribuição significativa do centro de São Petersburgo para sua história, o que fortalece sua posição no em meados do século XIX, como resultado da transferência do Departamento Oriental da Universidade de Kazan, em São Petersburgo. A formação do processo educacional no Departamento Mongol-Kalmyk em São Petersburgo é, em muitos aspectos, um trabalho nobre dos professores transferidos de Kazan, antes de tudo, Alexander Vasilyevich Popov, então aluno da Universidade de Kazan e colega em São Petersburgo Universidade Konstantin Fedorovich Golstunsky, que educou seus brilhantes estudantes - em conseqüência os estudiosos mongóis, entre eles Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, cuja vida e destino conectaram duas épocas na história da Rússia. A. M. Pozdneev teve a chance de trabalhar no período pós-outubro, cobrindo o período de 1917 a 1930, quando as tradições da antiga escola científica imperial ainda foram preservadas com a formação ativa da nova ciência soviética. Através do prisma da biografia de um dos destacados orientalistas da escola científica russa Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, as características que caracterizam a vida e as atividades dos cientistas russos após a revolução de 1917, muitas das quais tentaram se encontrar em novas condições de existência, são rastreado. O destino da maioria deles, assim como A. M. Pozdneev, foi trágico, facilitado pelas extraordinárias circunstâncias históricas da revolução e da guerra civil, exacerbadas pelas epidemias de doenças mortais, que colocam os cientistas em condições insuportáveis de existência. Por pertencerem à antiga escola científica, muitos foram presos e destruídos fisicamente, e sua herança científica foi esquecida ou sujeita a distorção, negação. Deve-se notar que a tragédia do patrimônio científico e, em geral, as atividades de pesquisa, é inerente aos estudiosos mongóis do período imperial, pode ser vista nas biografias de A.V. Popov e K.F. Golstunsky, cujas obras não receberam distribuição adequada. Trabalho científico e pedagógico de A.V. Popov foi interrompido pela nomeação para o cargo de inspetor das escolas e pela biografia e legado de K.F. Golstunsky não é coberto adequadamente, apesar de estar à frente dos estudos mongóis russos por muitos anos.El artículo destaca algunos aspectos del desarrollo de la escuela científica rusa de estudios mongoles en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, principios del siglo XX, el momento de una contribución significativa del centro de San Petersburgo a su historia, lo que fortalece su posición en a mediados del siglo XIX como resultado de la transferencia del Departamento del Este de la Universidad de Kazan en San Petersburgo. La formación del proceso educativo en el Departamento de Mongolia-Kalmyk en San Petersburgo es, en muchos aspectos, un trabajo noble de los profesores transferidos de Kazán, en primer lugar, Alexander Vasilyevich Popov, luego su alumno en la Universidad de Kazán y colega en San Petersburgo. La Universidad Konstantin Fedorovich Golstunsky, quien crió a sus brillantes estudiantes, en consecuencia, los sabios académicos mongoles, entre ellos Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, cuya vida y destino conectaron dos épocas en la historia de Rusia. A. M. Pozdneev tuvo la oportunidad de trabajar en el período posterior a octubre, cubriendo el período de 1917 a 1930, cuando las tradiciones de la antigua escuela científica imperial todavía se conservaron con la formación activa de la nueva ciencia soviética. A través del prisma de la biografía de uno de los destacados orientalistas de la escuela científica rusa Alexey Matveevich Pozdneev, las características que caracterizan la vida y las actividades de los científicos rusos después de la revolución de 1917, muchos de los cuales intentaron encontrarse en nuevas condiciones de existencia, son rastreado. El destino de la mayoría de ellos, así como de A. M. Pozdneev, fue trágico, esto fue facilitado por las circunstancias históricas extraordinarias de la revolución y la guerra civil, exacerbadas por epidemias de enfermedades mortales, que pusieron a los científicos en condiciones de existencia insoportables. Por pertenecer a la antigua escuela científica, muchos fueron arrestados y físicamente destruidos, y su patrimonio científico fue olvidado o sometido a distorsión, negación. Cabe señalar que la tragedia del patrimonio científico, y en general, las actividades de investigación, es inherente a los eruditos mongoles del período imperial, se puede ver a través de las biografías de A.V. Popov y K.F. Golstunsky, cuyas obras no recibieron la distribución adecuada. El trabajo científico y pedagógico de A.V. Popov fue interrumpido por el nombramiento al puesto de Inspector de escuelas, y la biografía y el legado de K.F. Golstunsky no está cubierto adecuadamente, aunque estuvo a la cabeza de los estudios mongoles rusos durante muchos años

Towards the matter of genetic consulting in various forms of congenital and hereditary eye diseases

Purpose. To evaluate the results in genetic consulting of patients with various forms of congenital and hereditary eyes pathology.Material and methods. The study is based on an analysis of results in genetic consulting and molecular genetic investigations of DNA samples of 18 patients: congenital corneal dystrophy (n=3); congenital cataract (n=11); Norrie disease (n = 4). All patients had a comprehensive ophthalmologic clinical and functional examination according to the forms of pathology. Geneticist physician conducted a genealogical analysis. A study of exons and flanking intronic regions was performed using methods of analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism, restriction fragments and direct sequencing.Results. The clinical diagnosis of endothelial corneal dystrophy with autosomal recessive mode of inheritance using molecular genetic methods in 2 of the 3 cases was confirmed, and a de novo mutation in the gene SLC4A11 non-described previously was found. In the group with hereditary diseases the lens pathogenic mutations were detected in the GJA3 andGJA8 genes in 2 of 11 cases (18%). Pathogenic mutations in NDP gene were detected only in 2 of 4 family members studied, and its sibling proband, directed to the genetic analysis of patients with a clinical diagnosis Norrie disease. In another of the studied probands the diseasecausing mutation was not reveled, and thus, the molecular genetic diagnosis of Norrie disease was not confirmed.Conclusion. For the first time in the Russian Federation pathogenic mutations in the gene SLC4A11 collagen, previously did not described in the literature, were revealed in patients with congenital endothelial corneal dystrophy, in a patient with congenital cataract in the gene GJA8. The success of genetic consulting depends on the complete genealogical analysis, and the correct determination of the clinical and genetic form of pathology

Magnetic-field-dependent zero-bias diffusive anomaly in Pb oxide-n-InAs structures: Coexistence of two- and three-dimensional states

The results of experimental and theoretical studies of zero-bias anomaly (ZBA) in the Pb-oxide-n-InAs tunnel structures in magnetic field up to 6T are presented. A specific feature of the structures is a coexistence of the 2D and 3D states at the Fermi energy near the semiconductor surface. The dependence of the measured ZBA amplitude on the strength and orientation of the applied magnetic field is in agreement with the proposed theoretical model. According to this model, electrons tunnel into 2D states, and move diffusively in the 2D layer, whereas the main contribution to the screening comes from 3D electrons.Comment: 8 double-column pages, REVTeX, 9 eps figures embedded with epsf, published versio

Использование результатов радиационного мониторинга окружающей среды для контроля источника выбросов йода-131 предприятием

The analysis was performed, whether the following characteristics correspond with each other: data on the annual release of the radionuclide by the enterprise, the calculation model used for establishing the annual permissible release levels of radionuclides, and the annual average volume activity of the radionuclide, determined using the data of routine radiation monitoring of the surface air. Such analysis was carried out for the release of 131I from the L.Ya. Karpov Scientific Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry (Obninsk) in 2013–2022. It is shown that for the enterprise release in 2013–2022, the results of environmental radiation monitoring confirm both the data of radiation control of the 131I release source and the correctness of the radionuclide air transfer calculation model. The average annual meteorological dilution factor of the 131I for the enterprise release in the surface layer of the atmosphere, estimated from monitoring data, does not exceed the model calculated value. Strong correlation was revealed between the average annual volume activity of 131I in the surface air, obtained using measurement results, and data on annual air releases of the enterprise. No correlation was found for the variability of the dilution factor estimated by the transfer model and monitoring data. It may be caused by the heterogeneity of the 131I releases by the enterprise during the year.Выполнен анализ взаимного соответствия данных о годовом выбросе радионуклида предприятием, расчетной модели переноса примеси, использующейся при установлении нормативов предельно допустимых выбросов, и среднегодовой объемной активности радионуклида, определенной с использованием данных радиационного мониторинга приземного слоя воздуха, на примере выброса 131I акционерным обществом «Научно-исследовательский физико-химический институт им. Л.Я. Карпова» (г. Обнинск). Показано, что для выброса предприятия в 2013–2022 гг. результаты радиационного мониторинга окружающей среды подтверждают как данные радиационного контроля источника выброса 131I, так и адекватность расчетной модели переноса примеси. Среднегодовой метеорологический фактор разбавления выброса 131I предприятием в приземном слое атмосферы, оцененный с использованием данных мониторинга, не превышает значение, полученное с помощью модели расчета переноса примеси. Выявлена сильная корреляция среднегодовой объемной активности 131I в приземном воздухе, полученной с использованием результатов измерений, и данных радиационного контроля годовых выбросов предприятия. Отсутствует корреляция изменчивости фактора разбавления по расчетным оценкам и данным мониторинга, что может быть связано с неоднородностью выброса 131I предприятием в течение года

Проблема инвазивных микозовв ревматологии (часть II)

Candida genus fungi have been noted to be the most common pathogens of mycotic infections. The extensive use of antimycotics for prevention and empirical therapy is unwarranted, which has resulted in an increase in the frequency of fluconazole-resistant pathogen strains, which is 15-0% in Russia and 50% at some hospitals. The presence of Candida in any organ and tissue has been found to be a risk factor for potentially fatal dissemination and systemic candidiasis. The major forms and clinical manifestations of Candida lesions and the principles of their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are described.Отмечено, что грибы рода Candida являются наиболее частыми возбудителями микотических инфекций. Неоправданно широкое применение антимикотиков для профилактики и эмпирической терапии привело к нарастанию частоты резистентных к флуконазолу штаммов возбудителей, которая в России составляет 15-30%, а в отдельных стационарах - 50%. Указано, что присутствие Candida в любом органе или ткани является фактором риска потенциально летальной диссеминации и системного кандидоза. Описаны основные формы и клинические проявления кандидозных поражений, принципы их профилактики, диагностики и лечения

Проблема инвазивных микозов в ревматологии (часть I)

The problem of invasive mycoses is becoming ever more urgent in modern rheumatology. The fact that physicians are unalert to mycoses in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases and that there are difficulties in their lifetime diagnosis and treatment is noteworthy. The significance of this problem substantially increases with the active clinical introduction of biologicals, primarily tumor necrosis factor а inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept), which goes on concurrently with the increasing risk for opportunistic infections. Part I presents information on different aspects of systemic aspergillosis, including the tactics of its diagnosis and rational therapyВ современной ревматологии проблема инвазивных микозов приобретает все большую актуальность. Отмечаются слабая настороженность врачей в отношении микозов у больных системными ревматическими заболеваниями, сложность прижизненной диагностики, трудности терапии. Значение данной проблемы существенно повышается в связи с активным внедрением в клиническую практику биологических агентов, в первую очередь ингибиторов фактора некроза опухоли а (инфликсимаб, адалимумаб, этанерцепт), что сопровождается нарастанием риска развития оппортунистических инфекций. В первой части обзора представлена информация о различных аспектах системного аспергиллеза, включая тактику его диагностики и рациональной терапии

ТЕХНОГЕННЫЕ РАДИОНУКЛИДЫ В ПРИЗЕМНОМ СЛОЕ АТМОСФЕРЫ ВСЛЕДСТВИЕ АВАРИИ НА АЭC «ФУКУСИМА»

The article presents information about the main observation results of radiometric departments of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring for changes in the radiation situation on the territory of Russia following the accident at the Fukushima NPP. The obtained experimental data allowed to conclude that the volumetric activities of radionuclides in the near-the-ground  atmospheric layer were by 3 to 6 orders of magnitude below the permissible volumetric activity set by Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009), and the correction to the density of soil contamination by cesium-137 was by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude less than the decrease of the density of contamination with this isotope of the global origin due to radioactive decay.В статье приведена информация об основных результатах наблюдений радиометрических подразделений Федеральной службы по гидрометеорологии и мониторингу окружающей среды за изменением радиационной обстановки на территории России вследствие аварии на АЭС «Фукусима». Полученные экспериментальные данные позволили сделать заключение о том, что объемные актив- ности радионуклидов в приземном слое атмосферы были на 3–6 порядков ниже допустимой объем- ной активности, установленной Нормами радиационной безопасности (НРБ-99/2009), а добавка к плотности загрязнения почвы цезием-137 – на 2–3 порядка меньше убыли плотности загрязнения этим изотопом глобального происхождения за счет радиоактивного распада

Results of thrombectomy in lower-extremity ischemia in patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure of different severity

Aim. To analyze the results of thrombectomy in lower-extremity ischemia in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and respiratory failure of different severity.Material and methods. This retrospective, cohort, comparative study for the period from May 1, 2020 to March 1, 2022 included 305 patients with acute lower-extremity ischemia and COVID-19. Depending on the type of oxygen support, three groups of patients were formed: group 1 (n=168) — nasal oxygen insufflation; group 2 (n=92) — non-invasive ventilation (NIV); group 3 (n=45) — artificial ventilation (AV). Thrombectomy was carried out according to the standard technique using Fogarty catheters (3F-6F — depending on the vessel size). After the diagnosis was established before and after the start of surgical treatment, all patients received the following therapy: Unfractionated IV heparin infusion at an initial rate of 1000 U/r, adjusted to maintain the activated partial thromboplastin time at 2-3 times the normal value; 2. Oral acetylsalicylic acid 125 mg; 3. Analgesics.Results. Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke were not detected in the total sample. The highest number of deaths (group 1: 5,3%, n=9; group 2: 72,8%, n=67; group 3: 100%, n=45; p<0,0001), retrombosis (group 1 : 18,4%, n=31; group 2: 69,5%, n=64; group 3: 91,1%, n=41; p<0,0001) and limb amputations (group 1: 9,5%, n=16; group 2: 56,5%, n=52; group 3: 91,1%, n=41; p<0,0001) was recorded in group 3 patients.Conclusion. In patients receiving mechanical ventilation, COVID-19 have more aggressive course, which is expressed in an increase in laboratory para- meters (C-reactive protein, ferritin, interleukin-6, D-dimer), the severity of pneumonia and location of thrombosis in the tibial arteries. Among patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation, the greatest number of rethromboses (91,1%), limb amputations (91,1%), and deaths (100%) are noted, which suggests the expediency of abandoning open thrombectomy in favor of anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy in this cohort of patients. The development of arterial thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation is an indicator of a high risk of death. Open thrombectomy in combination with anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy is most effective in patients on nasal oxygen insufflation or NIV

Factors associated with the efficiency of maintenance therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Objective: to evaluate tolerability and efficacy of maintenance treatment in the absence of progression after 16 weeks of first-line therapy in patients with unresectable metastatic colon cancer.Materials and methods. We have analyzed medical case histories of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who underwent treatment in the department of clinical pharmacology and chemotherapy of N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center from 2007 to 2015 years. Inclusion criteria were the following: 16–24 weeks of first-line chemotherapy with no signs of progression and the inability to perform metastasectomy. Progression-free survival was the main criterion for effectiveness in our study.Results. 160 (44.5 %) of 359 treated patients met the inclusion criteria. 102 (63.7 %) patients were followed up, while the other 58 (36.3 % – comparison group) patients underwent maintenance chemotherapy. Grade I–II toxic reactions and grade III complications associated with first-line chemotherapy were insignificantly more common in the group of patients left on maintenance chemotherapy: 72.4 % and 37.9 % versus 57.8 % and 24.5 % in the comparison group, p = 0.07 and p = 0.07 respectively. The frequency of grade I–II toxic reactions and grade III complications in the second-line treatment did not differ between treatment groups (p = 0.9 and p = 0.8). The median of progression-free survival in observation group and comparison group was 4, and 6 months (odds ratio (OR) 0.6; p = 0.009), and life expectancy – 23 and 31 months (OR 0.75; p = 0.1), respectively. Statistically significant differences between groups with respect to achieving the objective response and/or normalization of carcinoembryonic antigen level were revealed: median of progression-free survival was 13 (n = 26 of 57; 45.6 %) and 4 months (n = 31 of 57, 54.4 %), respectively (HR 0.38; p = 0.002), median of life expectancy – 34 months versus 26 months (OR 0.37; p = 0.3). Conclusions. Carrying out maintenance therapy is associated with increased incidence of grade III complications during the first-line treatment, but does not affect the tolerability of the second-line treatment. Supportive chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines remains to be the most effective in patients with favorable prognostic factors such as normalization of carcinoembryonic antigen and/or achievement of the objective response on the background of first-line chemotherapy

Thyroid cancer risk in Belarus among children and adolescents exposed to radioiodine after the Chornobyl accident

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed an increased risk of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents exposed to radioactive iodines released after the Chornobyl (Chernobyl) accident, but the effects of screening, iodine deficiency, age at exposure and other factors on the dose-response are poorly understood. METHODS: We screened 11 970 individuals in Belarus aged 18 years or younger at the time of the accident who had estimated (131)I thyroid doses based on individual thyroid activity measurements and dosimetric data from questionnaires. The excess odds ratio per gray (EOR/Gy) was modelled using linear and linear-exponential functions. RESULTS: For thyroid doses \u3c5 \u3eGy, the dose-response was linear (n=85; EOR/Gy=2.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.81-5.47), but at higher doses the excess risk fell. The EOR/Gy was significantly increased among those with prior or screening-detected diffuse goiter, and larger for men than women, and for persons exposed before age 5 than those exposed between 5 and 18 years, although not statistically significant. A somewhat higher EOR/Gy was estimated for validated pre-screening cases. CONCLUSION: 10-15 years after the Chornobyl accident, thyroid cancer risk was significantly increased among individuals exposed to fallout as children or adolescents, but the risk appeared to be lower than in other Chornobyl studies and studies of childhood external irradiation