Humoral immunity, vaccination period and demographic characteristics of first immunized smallpox vaccine recipients

General vaccination of population with vaccinia virus leaded to the eradication of smallpox, then it was finished because of the danger of adverse events. The recurrence of research interest in smallpox vaccine is due to the research of using the virus as a weapon of bioterrorism and the increased frequency of orthopoxvirus infections whereas the population immunity decline. The vaccinia virus is also used as a vector for creating recombinant vaccines. Understanding the pathway and predicting the immune response it will be able to avoid possible adverse events and excessive immunization. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations between humoral immunity, clinical signs during a vaccination period, sex and age characteristics of adults who had received several doses of vaccinia virus. We studied a vaccination clinical data of 135 subjects revaccinated with a smallpox vaccine from twice to 10 times. A total of 95% and 5% vaccine recipients experienced mild or moderate vaccination period, respectively. Inoculation skin lesions was noted at 127 subjects (94.1%). Among them more than 22% vaccine recipients experienced local or systemic adverse events. Compared to mild group moderate group had larger hyperemia (p = 0.04), scab (p = 0.01), healing time (p = 0.001). The age subjects with a moderate vaccination period is less than mild (p = 0.03), the chance of lymphadenopathy development is higher within moderate vaccination period (p < 0.001). Vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers were determined for 54 subjects using plaque reduction neutralization tests. There was a noted tendency of higher protective antibody values at women compared with men. Negative correlation between the antibody titers and the hyperemia size was revealed. Frequently axillary adenopathy is assotiated with higher protective antibody values. Vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers value are not associated with the presence and size of the lesion, the scab falling time, age and the number of previous vaccinations. The clinical variability and the immune response using the same vaccine and the same pattern vaccination would be explained by individual genetic differences that should be further explored

Analysis of Vaccinal Process Peculiarities in Persons Immunized with Smallpox Live Vaccine in Case of Primary Vaccination and Revaccination

Immunization against smallpox may be attended by serious complications. The premises for the differences in postvaccinal reaction intensity are underexplored. In this paper presented is the review of peculiarities of postvaccinal manifestations in members of the Russian population primarily immunized against smallpox as compared to the revaccinated ones. Examined has been the cohort of 217 people, of whom 82 are vaccinated initially, and 135 - repeatedly within the period from 2000 to 2013. Average age of the vaccinated is 40.0 years (ranged 20 to 40). Studied has been severity of vaccine-challenged condition and cutaneous inflammatory vaccinal elements. In case of initial vaccination medium severity has been observed 2.1 times oftener than low one. In case of revaccination - low level of severity has been registered 17.7 times more frequently than the medium one. Hyperemia zone is 2.2 times greater as regards primary vaccination compared to revaccination, zone of induration - 1.9 times. The diameter of the sore is 1.3 and its shedding time is 1.4 times greater and longer, respectively. Thus, initial vaccination follows more severe course and is attended by expressed response in comparison to booster one

ВЛИЯНИЕ СИСТЕМ УДОБРЕНИЯ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ СЕВООБОРОТА И АГРОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТОЙ СУПЕСЧАНОЙ ПОЧВЫ

The influence of by products ploughing and mineral fertilizer doses on the crop rotation productivity and agrochemi-cal indicators of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil is studied. It’s established that autumn application of a compensatory dose of nitrogen to the straw didn’t ensure the increased productivity of crop rotation. It’s shown that application of correct doses of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers taking into account the phosphorus and potassium from a straw predecessor didn’t bring about the reduction of the productivity of crop rotation in comparison with the application of full doses of fertilizers and allowed saving P60 and K360.Изучено влияние запашки побочной продукции и доз минеральных удобрений на продуктивность севооборота и агрохимические показатели дерново-подзолистой супесчаной почвы. Установлено, что осеннее внесение компенсирующей дозы азота по соломе не обеспечило существенного увеличения продуктивности севооборота. Показано, что внесение скорректированных доз фосфорных и калийных удобрений с учетом фосфора и калия, высвобождающихся из соломы предшественника, не привело к снижению продуктивности севооборота по сравнению с применением полных доз удобрений и позволило сохранить Р60 и K360

Значение конституциональных полиморфизмов гена р53 у больных неходжкинскими злокачественными лимфомами

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Out of Sight but Not out of Mind: Alternative Means of Communication in Plants

Current knowledge suggests that the mechanisms by which plants communicate information take numerous forms. Previous studies have focussed their attention on communication via chemicals, contact and light; other methods of interaction between plants have remained speculative. In this study we tested the ability of young chilli plants to sense their neighbours and identify their relatives using alternative mechanism(s) to recognised plant communication pathways. We found that the presence of a neighbouring plant had a significant influence on seed germination even when all known sources of communication signals were blocked. Furthermore, despite the signalling restriction, seedlings allocated energy to their stem and root systems differently depending on the identity of the neighbour. These results provide clear experimental evidence for the existence of communication channels between plants beyond those that have been recognized and studied thus far

Correlations between Humoral Immunity, Vaccination Period and Demographic Characteristics of First Immunized Smallpox Vaccine Recipients

Relevance. After vaccination against smallpox is completed, more than 50% of the population are not immune to pathogens of the genus Orthopoxvirus, which creates the risk of mass infection if the smallpox virus is used as a biological weapon.Aim. To assess the correlations between humoral immunity, clinical signs during a vaccination period and, sex and age characteristics of vaccinia virus Practical Aspects of Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention (VCV) recipients.Materials and methods. We studied a vaccination clinical data of 82 subjects first vaccinated with a smallpox vaccine. Vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers were determined for 27 subjects using plaque reduction neutralization tests. According to antibody titers they were divided into groups of mild (25%), moderate (50%), and heavy reaction (25%).Results. A total of 34% and 66% vaccine recipients experienced mild or moderate vaccination period, respectively. Among them 83% vaccine recipients experienced or local and systemic adverse events. Compared to mild group, moderate group had larger scab, hyperemia (p < 0,01) and pustules (p < 0,05). It was a tendency that men had smaller scabs, more rapid scab shedding and less intense hyperemia compared to women. In contrast to low and high neutralizing antibody titers, medium ones were associated with smaller local inflammation (induration zones, hyperemia, pustules).Conclusion. The same vaccine and vaccination schedule may produce different protective neutralizing antibody levels and different humoral immunity in similar demographic groups. The underlying reasons need further research