Cross-sectional study of the association between empathy and burnout and drug prescribing quality in primary care

Burnout; Empathy; EthicsEsgotament; Empatia; ÈticaAgotamiento; Empatía; ÉticaObjective: The aim of this study was to assess whether burnout and empathy levels among general practitioners (GPs) might influence prescribing performance assessed using pharmaceutical prescription quality standard indicators. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional descriptive study of 108 GPs from 22 primary care centers in Lleida, Spain, and of centralized data corresponding to 183 600 patients under their care. The study was conducted between May and July 2014. Main Outcome Measures: Burnout and empathy were measured using the Spanish versions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Jefferson Scale for Physician Empathy, and prescribing quality was measured using the Catalan Pharmaceutical Prescription Quality Standard (EQPF). Normal distribution of scores was verified using the Chi-square and Kolmogorov–Smirnov–Lilliefors tests. The effect of each of the variables was evaluated using crude odds ratios. Results: Older GPs scored significantly higher in the EQPF (P < 0.05). High empathy scores were positively associated with high EQPF scores. GPs with low burnout also performed better in the EQPF. Conclusions: More empathic, less burned-out, older GPs showed better prescribing performance according to quality indicators. However, further studies are needed to evaluate other factors influencing prescribing habits. The promotion of communication skills may increase empathy and reduce burnout, thus benefiting patients.The authors did not receive any grants for this study. However, previous research in this field was conducted with the support of the Victor Grífols Foundation

Measuring underreporting and under-ascertainment in infectious disease datasets: a comparison of methods

Gibbons CL, Mangen M-JJ, Plaß D, et al. Measuring underreporting and under-ascertainment in infectious disease datasets: a comparison of methods. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1): 147.Background: Efficient and reliable surveillance and notification systems are vital for monitoring public health and disease outbreaks. However, most surveillance and notification systems are affected by a degree of underestimation (UE) and therefore uncertainty surrounds the 'true' incidence of disease affecting morbidity and mortality rates. Surveillance systems fail to capture cases at two distinct levels of the surveillance pyramid: from the community since not all cases seek healthcare (under-ascertainment), and at the healthcare-level, representing a failure to adequately report symptomatic cases that have sought medical advice (underreporting). There are several methods to estimate the extent of under-ascertainment and underreporting. Methods: Within the context of the ECDC-funded Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe (BCoDE)-project, an extensive literature review was conducted to identify studies that estimate ascertainment or reporting rates for salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis in European Union Member States (MS) plus European Free Trade Area (EFTA) countries Iceland, Norway and Switzerland and four other OECD countries (USA, Canada, Australia and Japan). Multiplication factors (MFs), a measure of the magnitude of underestimation, were taken directly from the literature or derived (where the proportion of underestimated, under-ascertained, or underreported cases was known) and compared for the two pathogens. Results: MFs varied between and within diseases and countries, representing a need to carefully select the most appropriate MFs and methods for calculating them. The most appropriate MFs are often disease-,country-, age-, and sex-specific. Conclusions: When routine data are used to make decisions on resource allocation or to estimate epidemiological parameters in populations, it becomes important to understand when, where and to what extent these data represent the true picture of disease, and in some instances (such as priority setting) it is necessary to adjust for underestimation. MFs can be used to adjust notification and surveillance data to provide more realistic estimates of incidence

Desigualdades en salud en poblaciones inmigradas a España. Una revisión de la literatura

Antecedentes/Objetivos: Tras el crecimiento de la inmigración extranjera de la pasada década, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la evidencia científica generada en los últimos quince años sobre la salud de la población inmigrante en España que aborda la influencia de determinantes sociales y/o las desigualdades en comparación con la población española. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de revisión mediante la metodología de scoping review y se efectúo una búsqueda de la literatura científica publicada desde 1998 hasta 2013 en España. Se consultaron las bases de datos de medline y medes. Se combinaron 3 filtros temáticos: a) desigualdades sociales: se utilizó el propuesto por Borrell y Malmusi (Informe SESPAS 2010); b) inmigración: términos MeSH Emigrants and Immigrants, Emigration and Immigration, Transients and Migrants, Ethnic Groups; c) España: se utilizó el desarrollado por Valderas et al. (Rev Esp Cardiol 2006). Se seleccionaron estudios sobre desigualdades sociales en salud con población inmigrante procedente de países tales como Latinoamérica, África, Asia o Europa del Este. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 27 artículos. La mayoría fueron publicados en los años 2009 y 2010 (n = 17). Doce utilizaron encuestas poblacionales de salud de ámbito nacional (n = 6) y autonómicas (n = 6). Un total de 23 se centraron en población adulta mayor de 15 años. Los indicadores más frecuentemente analizados fueron el estado de salud percibido (n = 9) y la salud mental (n = 7). La población inmigrante está expuesta a determinantes sociales más desfavorables que la autóctona (clase social, renta, condiciones de empleo y trabajo, apoyo social, discriminación). A pesar de una menor prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas, parece presentar mayores problemas de salud mental y peor percepción de salud, sobretodo en mujeres y a mayor tiempo de estancia. También se reportan menores prevalencias de tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol, uso de fármacos y menor mortalidad, así como mayor sedentarismo y obesidad, sobre todo en mujeres, y violencia del compañero íntimo. Conclusiones: Los estudios exploran un amplio abanico de indicadores de salud en población adulta e infantil. A pesar de su recién llegada, las peores condiciones de vida se traducen en desigualdades sociales en la salud que afectan a la población inmigrante. Se detectan algunas lagunas de conocimiento y aspectos metodológicos a mejorar. Se hace necesario analizar la evolución de estas desigualdades en el nuevo contexto económico y considerando el previsible deterioro del efecto inmigrante sano