Macronutrient contents in the leaves and fruits of red raspberry as affected by liming in an extremely acid soil

The study evaluates the effect of liming materials application in combination with NPK fertilizer and borax on macronutrient contents (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)), in an extremely acid soil and raspberry leaves and fruits during a two-year period. Liming increased soil pH, N mineral content, P, Ca and Mg soil content, while K content either increased (dolomite and borax application), or decreased (lime application). The N and P contents in raspberry leaves after liming increased significantly, but P content remained below the optimal values. Some treatments with lime caused a decrease in K content in leaves, while dolomite and borax application increased K content. Initially optimal Ca content in leaves increased significantly in the treatments with lime, but decreased after dolomite application. The Mg content in leaves increased after dolomite and borax application, but mainly remained below optimal values. Liming either did not alter or only slightly altered macronutrient contents in raspberry fruits

Mentoring Impact on Leader Efficacy Development: A Field Experiment

While practitioners and scholars tout the importance of mentorship in leader development, few studies have empirically determined whether mentoring actually positively impacts a leader’s development, and if so, in what ways. In a longitudinal field experiment, we examined how a targeted mentorship program that unfolded over 6 months enhanced the development of protégés’ leader efficacy and performance. Results showed that the targeted mentorship intervention increased protégés’ level of leader efficacy more than a comparison intervention that was based on a more eclectic leadership education program delivered in a group setting. Leader efficacy then predicted rated leader performance. Both protégés’ preferences for feedback and trust in the mentor served as important moderators in contributing to the development of leader efficacy. Findings from this longitudinal field experiment could be used by educational institutions and other organizations to enhance their mentorship programs in content, focus, and evaluation of impact

Optimización del contenido en macroelementos en hojas de frambueso mediante encalado en suelos muy ácidos

Raspberries thrive best in an acid soil. However, if the soil pH is lower than 5.6, lime application is necessary. In this study the effects of lime and dolomite application in combination with NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (600 kg ha–1) on the macroelement contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in an extremely acid soil (pH 4.35) and raspberry leaves were evaluated during a three-year period. Optimal pH value for raspberry cultivation (5.84) was achieved with the application of 9 t ha–1 of lime. The mineral nitrogen (NH4+NO3)-N content and P content in the soil after liming increased significantly, but P concentration stayed below the optimal values. Additionally, no changes were noted in K concentration in the soil. The Ca concentration increased significantly in all treatments, while the Mg content increased significantly only in the treatment with dolomite. The N content in the raspberry leaves increased, but K content decreased after liming. There was no change in P content in the leaves affected by liming. Lime increased Ca content in the leaves above the optimal values, while it did not affect the initially optimal Mg content in the leaves. After liming and NPK fertilization, the concentrations of N, P and K in the leaves were still below the optimal values, indicating a need for the combination of higher rates of fertilizer with lime in raspberry cultivation in very acid soils.Los frambuesos crecen mejor en suelos ácidos. Sin embargo, si el pH del suelo es inferior a 5,6, es necesario aplicar cal. En este estudio se evaluaron durante un período de tres años los efectos de aplicar cal y dolomita, en combinación con fertilizantes NPK 15:15:15 (600 kg ha–1), en el contenido de macroelementos (N, P, K, Ca y Mg) en un suelo extremadamente ácido (pH 4,35) y en hojas de frambueso. El pH óptimo para el cultivo del frambueso (5,84) se logró con la aplicación de 9 t ha–1 de cal. En el caso del suelo, después del encalado el contenido en nitrógeno mineral (NH4+NO3)-N y de P aumentó significativamente, pero la concentración de P se mantuvo por debajo de los valores óptimos; además, no se observaron cambios en la concentración de K; la concentración de Ca aumentó significativamente en todos los tratamientos, pero el contenido de Mg aumentó significativamente sólo en el tratamiento con dolomita. En las hojas de frambueso, después del encalado el contenido de N aumentó, pero el contenido de K disminuyó; no hubo cambios en el contenido de P; el contenido de Ca aumentó por encima de los valores óptimos, mientras que no se afectó el contenido inicial óptimo de Mg. Después del encalado y la fertilización NPK, las concentraciones de N, P y K en las hojas estaban todavía por debajo de los valores óptimos, lo que indica la necesidad de combinar mayores tasas de abono con cal en el cultivo de frambueso en suelos muy ácidos

Optimization of macroelement contents in raspberry leaves by liming in an extremely acid soil

Raspberries thrive best in an acid soil. However, if the soil pH is lower than 5.6, lime application is necessary. In this study the effects of lime and dolomite application in combination with NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (600 kg ha�1) on the macroelement contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in an extremely acid soil (pH 4.35) and raspberry leaves were evaluated during a three-year period. Optimal pH value for raspberry cultivation (5.84) was achieved with the application of 9 t ha�1 of lime. The mineral nitrogen (NH4+NO3)-N content and P content in the soil after liming increased significantly, but P concentration stayed below the optimal values. Additionally, no changes were noted in K concentration in the soil. The Ca concentration increased significantly in all treatments, while the Mg content increased significantly only in the treatment with dolomite. The N content in the raspberry leaves increased, but K content decreased after liming. There was no change in P content in the leaves affected by liming. Lime increased Ca content in the leaves above the optimal values, while it did not affect the initially optimal Mg content in the leaves. After liming and NPK fertilization, the concentrations of N, P and K in the leaves were still below the optimal values, indicating a need for the combination of higher rates of fertilizer with lime in raspberry cultivation in very acid soils.Los frambuesos crecen mejor en suelos ácidos. Sin embargo, si el pH del suelo es inferior a 5,6, es necesario aplicar cal. En este estudio se evaluaron durante un período de tres años los efectos de aplicar cal y dolomita, en combinación con fertilizantes NPK 15:15:15 (600 kg ha�1), en el contenido de macroelementos (N, P, K, Ca y Mg) en un suelo extremadamente ácido (pH 4,35) y en hojas de frambueso. El pH óptimo para el cultivo del frambueso (5,84) se logró con la aplicación de 9 t ha�1 de cal. En el caso del suelo, después del encalado el contenido en nitrógeno mineral (NH4+NO3)-N y de P aumentó significativamente, pero la concentración de P se mantuvo por debajo de los valores óptimos; además, no se observaron cambios en la concentración de K; la concentración de Ca aumentó significativamente en todos los tratamientos, pero el contenido de Mg aumentó significativamente sólo en el tratamiento con dolomita. En las hojas de frambueso, después del encalado el contenido de N aumentó, pero el contenido de K disminuyó; no hubo cambios en el contenido de P; el contenido de Ca aumentó por encima de los valores óptimos, mientras que no se afectó el contenido inicial óptimo de Mg. Después del encalado y la fertilización NPK, las concentraciones de N, P y K en las hojas estaban todavía por debajo de los valores óptimos, lo que indica la necesidad de combinar mayores tasas de abono con cal en el cultivo de frambueso en suelos muy ácidos

Macronutrient contents in the leaves and fruits of red raspberry as affected by liming in an extremely acid soil

The study evaluates the effect of liming materials application in combination with NPK fertilizer and borax on macronutrient contents (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)), in an extremely acid soil and raspberry leaves and fruits during a two-year period. Liming increased soil pH, N mineral content, P, Ca and Mg soil content, while K content either increased (dolomite and borax application), or decreased (lime application). The N and P contents in raspberry leaves after liming increased significantly, but P content remained below the optimal values. Some treatments with lime caused a decrease in K content in leaves, while dolomite and borax application increased K content. Initially optimal Ca content in leaves increased significantly in the treatments with lime, but decreased after dolomite application. The Mg content in leaves increased after dolomite and borax application, but mainly remained below optimal values. Liming either did not alter or only slightly altered macronutrient contents in raspberry fruits