Information Asymmetry, Education Signals and the Case of Ethnic and Native Germans

This paper analyses the effects of education signals for Ethnic Germans and Germans without a migration background (“Native Germans”). We base our analysis on a sorting model with productivity enhancing effects of education. We compare whether the signalling value differs between the migrants and non-migrants in the German labour market. Starting from the theoretical result that only a separating equilibrium can exist, we find substantial empirical differences between Ethnic and Native Germans with the same formal education level. This empirical analysis is done with a completely new dataset based on administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency.sorting theory, human-capital theory, returns to education, migration

Information asymmetry, education signals and the case of Ethnic and Native Germans

"This paper analyses the effects of education signals for Ethnic Germans and Germans without a migration background ('Native Germans'). We base our analysis on a sorting model with productivity enhancing effects of education. We compare whether the signalling value differs between the migrants and non-migrants in the German labour market. Starting from the theoretical result that only a separating equilibrium can exist, we find substantial empirical differences between Ethnic and Native Germans with the same formal education level. This empirical analysis is done with a completely new dataset based on administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))integrierte Erwerbsbiografien, Bildungsniveau, Bildungsabschluss, Inländer, Aussiedler, Hochqualifizierte, mittlere Qualifikation, Niedrigqualifizierte, Lohnhöhe, Lohnunterschied

Improving physics-informed DeepONets with hard constraints

Current physics-informed (standard or operator) neural networks still rely on accurately learning the initial conditions of the system they are solving. In contrast, standard numerical methods evolve such initial conditions without needing to learn these. In this study, we propose to improve current physics-informed deep learning strategies such that initial conditions do not need to be learned and are represented exactly in the predicted solution. Moreover, this method guarantees that when a DeepONet is applied multiple times to time step a solution, the resulting function is continuous.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables; release versio

Direct observation of domain-wall configurations transformed by spin currents

Direct observations of current-induced domain-wall propagation by spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy are reported. Current pulses move head-to-head as well as tail-to-tail walls in sub-micrometer Fe_{20}Ni_{80} wires in the direction of the electron flow, and a decay of the wall velocity with the number of injected current pulses is observed. High-resolution images of the domain walls reveal that the wall spin structure is transformed from a vortex to a transverse configuration with subsequent pulse injections. The change in spin structure is directly correlated with the decay of the velocity.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

How Cosmic Rays Mediate the Evolution of the Interstellar Medium

We explore the impact of diffusive cosmic rays (CRs) on the evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM) under varying assumptions of supernova explosion environment. In practice, we systematically vary the relative fractions of supernovae (SN) occurring in star-forming high-density gas and those occurring in random locations decoupled from star-forming gas to account for SN from run-away stars or explosions in regions that have been cleared by prior SN, stellar winds, or radiation. We explore various mixed models by adjusting these fractions relative to each other. We find that in the simple system of a periodic stratified gas layer the ISM structure will evolve to one of two solutions: a "peak driving" state where warm gas is volume filling or a "thermal runaway" state where hot gas is volume filling. CR pressure and transport are important factors that strongly influence the solution state the ISM reaches and have the ability to flip the ISM between solutions. Observable signatures such as gamma ray emission and HI gas are explored. We find that gamma ray luminosity from pion decay is largely consistent with observations for a range of model parameters. The thickness of the HI gas layer may be too compact, however, this may be due to a large cold neutral fraction of midplane gas. The volume fraction of hot gas evolves to stable states in both solutions, but neither settles to a Milky Way-like configuration, suggesting that additional physics which is omitted here (e.g. a cosmological circum-galactic medium, radiation transport, or spectrally resolved and spatially varying CR transport) may be required.Comment: 27 pages, 21 Figures, submitted to MNRAS, comments welcom

How cosmic rays mediate the evolution of the interstellar medium

Funding: CP acknowledges support by the European Research Council under ERC-CoG grant CRAGSMAN-646955.We explore the impact of diffusive cosmic rays (CRs) on the evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM) under varying assumptions of supernova explosion environment. In practice, we systematically vary the relative fractions of supernovae (SN) occurring in star-forming high-density gas and those occurring in random locations decoupled from star-forming gas to account for SN from run-away stars or explosions in regions that have been cleared by prior SN, stellar winds, or radiation. We find that in the simple system of a periodic stratified gas layer the ISM structure will evolve to one of two solutions: a ‘peak driving’ state where warm gas is volume filling or a ‘thermal runaway’ state where hot gas is volume filling. CR pressure and transport are important factors that strongly influence the solution state the ISM reaches and have the ability to flip the ISM between solutions. Observable signatures such as gamma-ray emission and H I gas are explored. We find that gamma-ray luminosity from pion decay is largely consistent with observations for a range of model parameters. The thickness of the H I gas layer may be too compact, however, this may be due to a large cold neutral fraction of mid-plane gas. The volume fraction of hot gas evolves to stable states in both solutions, but neither settles to a Milky Way-like configuration, suggesting that additional physics omitted here (e.g. a cosmological circumgalactic medium, radiation transport, or spectrally resolved and spatially varying CR transport) may be required.Peer reviewe

Superconducting microstrip detectors

Superconducting NbN microstrip counters feature radiation hardness two orders of magnitude higher than conventional Si strip detectors, spatial resolution limited only by lithographic techniques (0.1 - 2 microns), intrinsic signal rise time of 2 ps, and signal transport over large distances without losses. The aim of this proposal is to improve understanding of the physics of such detectors and to establish their large- scale feasibility