Timescales of Quartz Crystallization and the Longevity of the Bishop Giant Magma Body

Supereruptions violently transfer huge amounts (100 s–1000 s km3) of magma to the surface in a matter of days and testify to the existence of giant pools of magma at depth. The longevity of these giant magma bodies is of significant scientific and societal interest. Radiometric data on whole rocks, glasses, feldspar and zircon crystals have been used to suggest that the Bishop Tuff giant magma body, which erupted ∼760,000 years ago and created the Long Valley caldera (California), was long-lived (>100,000 years) and evolved rather slowly. In this work, we present four lines of evidence to constrain the timescales of crystallization of the Bishop magma body: (1) quartz residence times based on diffusional relaxation of Ti profiles, (2) quartz residence times based on the kinetics of faceting of melt inclusions, (3) quartz and feldspar crystallization times derived using quartz+feldspar crystal size distributions, and (4) timescales of cooling and crystallization based on thermodynamic and heat flow modeling. All of our estimates suggest quartz crystallization on timescales of <10,000 years, more typically within 500–3,000 years before eruption. We conclude that large-volume, crystal-poor magma bodies are ephemeral features that, once established, evolve on millennial timescales. We also suggest that zircon crystals, rather than recording the timescales of crystallization of a large pool of crystal-poor magma, record the extended periods of time necessary for maturation of the crust and establishment of these giant magma bodies

Azithromycin reduces spontaneous and induced inflammation in ΔF508 cystic fibrosis mice

BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays a critical role in lung disease development and progression in cystic fibrosis. Azithromycin is used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis lung disease, although its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that azithromycin modulates lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis mice. METHODS: We monitored cellular and molecular inflammatory markers in lungs of cystic fibrosis mutant mice homozygous for the ΔF508 mutation and their littermate controls, either in baseline conditions or after induction of acute inflammation by intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which would be independent of interactions of bacteria with epithelial cells. The effect of azithromycin pretreatment (10 mg/kg/day) given by oral administration for 4 weeks was evaluated. RESULTS: In naive cystic fibrosis mice, a spontaneous lung inflammation was observed, characterized by macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, and increased intra-luminal content of the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2. After induced inflammation, cystic fibrosis mice combined exaggerated cellular infiltration and lower anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 production. In cystic fibrosis mice, azithromycin attenuated cellular infiltration in both baseline and induced inflammatory condition, and inhibited cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) release in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. CONCLUSION: Our findings further support the concept that inflammatory responses are upregulated in cystic fibrosis. Azithromycin reduces some lung inflammation outcome measures in cystic fibrosis mice. We postulate that some of the benefits of azithromycin treatment in cystic fibrosis patients are due to modulation of lung inflammation

The Investigation of Hot Spots in Western Anatolia by Geophysical and Mining Approaches

In the first part of this article, a short definition of geothermal energy is made and geothermal fields are classified according to their enthalpies. In the second part, general uses of geothermal energy and also the geothermal potential of Turkey and especially of western Anatolia are mentioned. Then, the general geology of the study area moving from three example geothermal fields is depicted and supported by lithological columns. The tectonic structure of our study area, western Anatolia, is profoundly explained and the presence of geothermal fields in this area is backed up by geophysical findings in detail in the final section

Application of linear programming in production planning at marble processing plants

Most companies in the marble sector are planning and programming their production using portfolio of orders, their experiences, and practical forecasts. Renta? Marble plant is chosen to carry out this study, where all production steps have been observed and recorded for a year. The authors used production capacity and loss reports, as well as software Lingo 8.0 in their researches. The scope of application for the linear programming method is defined. Software Lingo 8.0 is run for the best, worst, and average production conditions with respective assumptions made. The efficiency of products produced at the plant to obtain the highest revenue with a reasonable rate of loss is evaluated. The marketing policies for companies are developed

Curie Point Depths and Heat Flow of Eastern Anatolia (Turkey)

The bottom of the magnetized crust determined from the spectral analysis of magnetic anomalies is generally interpreted as the level of the Curie point isotherm. The spectral analysis method to estimate the depth extent of magnetic sources was applied to the magnetic anomalies of Eastern Anatolia and compared with the tectonic regime and heat flow data in the region. The Curie point depth of eastern Anatolia ranges from 6 to 24 km. The computed Curie depths and the heat flow values derived by using Curie depths are consistent with the geological and the seismological findings of the region. Shallow Curie point depths and high heat flow values are seen between the Bitlis Suture Zone and the pontides. At the same time, this region might contain a thinner crust than expected

Oculometric features of hyperopia in children with accommodative refractive esotropia

WOS: 000183192900013PubMed ID: 12780405Purpose: To determine the nature of hyperopia in children with accommodative refractive esotropia (ARE) by evaluating the relationships between corneal radius (CR), axial length (AL), age and equivalent spherical refraction (SEQ). Methods: A total of 112 children with ARE were included in the study. The children underwent an overall ophthalmic examination including cycloplegic refraction, keratometry and ultrasonic AL measurement. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a strong relationship between AL and SEQ (p < 0.001). A significant correlation was also found between AL and CR (p < 0.001). The relationship between AL and age was weak but statistically significant (p = 0.02). Multiple regression analysis, using SEQ as the dependent variable and CR, AL and age as independent variables, revealed that AL accounts for 43.5% of the variance, and the combination of CR and AL accounts for 60.9% of the variance. Conclusion: Hyperopia is predominantly axial in nature in children with ARE. However, other refractive components are also involved in producing hyperopic refractive errors