Distribution épidémiologique du virus de la Bronchite infectieuse aviaire autour du monde

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is ubiquitous in most parts of the world where poultry are reared. A large number of IBV variants exist worldwide; some being unique to a particular area, others having a more general distribution. The purpose of this review is to give an update on IBV strains currently circulating in commercial chickens worldwide and present a clear picture of the relationship between many of these viruses. Keywords: Infectious bronchitis virus, Variant strains, Review, World.Le virus de bronchite infectieuse aviaire fait partie des virus aviaires majeurs rencontrés chez les poulets depuis les débuts de l’élevage industriel. On retrouve la maladie de bronchite infectieuse dans la plupart des pays producteurs de volailles au niveau mondial. Malgré l’utilisation de vaccins qui contribuent au contrôle des signes cliniques, l’émergence de nouveaux virus sauvages variants conforte le fait que la bronchite infectieuse est une cible mouvante difficile à maîtriser. Le présent article est une mise à jour des connaissances sur la distribution épidémiologique et moléculaire des variants de l’IBV dans les différents pays du monde. Mots clés: Virus de la bronchite infectieuse, Variants, Revue bibliographique, Monde.   &nbsp

Imidazole propionate is increased in diabetes and associated with dietary patterns and altered microbial ecology

Microbiota-host-diet interactions contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. Imidazole propionate is a novel microbially produced metabolite from histidine, which impairs glucose metabolism. Here, we show that subjects with prediabetes and diabetes in the MetaCardis cohort from three European countries have elevated serum imidazole propionate levels. Furthermore, imidazole propionate levels were increased in subjects with low bacterial gene richness and Bacteroides 2 enterotype, which have previously been associated with obesity. The Bacteroides 2 enterotype was also associated with increased abundance of the genes involved in imidazole propionate biosynthesis from dietary histidine. Since patients and controls did not differ in their histidine dietary intake, the elevated levels of imidazole propionate in type 2 diabetes likely reflects altered microbial metabolism of histidine, rather than histidine intake per se. Thus the microbiota may contribute to type 2 diabetes by generating imidazole propionate that can modulate host inflammation and metabolism

Combinatorial, additive and dose-dependent drug–microbiome associations

Data availability: The source data for the figures are provided at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4728981). Raw shotgun sequencing data that support the findings of this study have been deposited at the ENA under accession codes PRJEB41311, PRJEB38742 and PRJEB37249 with public access. Raw spectra for metabolomics have been deposited in the MassIVE database under the accession codes MSV000088043 (UPLC–MS/MS) and MSV000088042 (GC–MS). The metadata on disease groups and drug intake are provided in Supplementary Tables 1–3. The demographic, clinical and phenotype metadata, and processed microbiome and metabolome data for French, German and Danish participants are available at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4674360).Code availability: The new drug-aware univariate biomarker testing pipeline is available as an R package (metadeconfoundR; Birkner et al., manuscript in preparation) at Github (https://github.com/TillBirkner/metadeconfoundR) and at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4721078). The latest version (0.1.8) of this package was used to generate the data shown in this publication. The code used for multivariate analysis based on the VpThemAll package is available at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719526). The phenotype and drug intake metadata, processed microbiome, and metabolome data and code resources are available for download at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4674360). The code for reproducing the figures is provided at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4728981).During the transition from a healthy state to cardiometabolic disease, patients become heavily medicated, which leads to an increasingly aberrant gut microbiome and serum metabolome, and complicates biomarker discovery1,2,3,4,5. Here, through integrated multi-omics analyses of 2,173 European residents from the MetaCardis cohort, we show that the explanatory power of drugs for the variability in both host and gut microbiome features exceeds that of disease. We quantify inferred effects of single medications, their combinations as well as additive effects, and show that the latter shift the metabolome and microbiome towards a healthier state, exemplified in synergistic reduction in serum atherogenic lipoproteins by statins combined with aspirin, or enrichment of intestinal Roseburia by diuretic agents combined with beta-blockers. Several antibiotics exhibit a quantitative relationship between the number of courses prescribed and progression towards a microbiome state that is associated with the severity of cardiometabolic disease. We also report a relationship between cardiometabolic drug dosage, improvement in clinical markers and microbiome composition, supporting direct drug effects. Taken together, our computational framework and resulting resources enable the disentanglement of the effects of drugs and disease on host and microbiome features in multimedicated individuals. Furthermore, the robust signatures identified using our framework provide new hypotheses for drug–host–microbiome interactions in cardiometabolic disease.This work was supported by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2012-305312 (METACARDIS). Part of this work was also supported by the EMBL, by the Metagenopolis grant ANR-11-DPBS-0001, by the H2020 European Research Council (ERC-AdG-669830) (to P.B.), and by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB1365 to S.K.F. and L.M.; and SFB1052/3 A1 MS to M.S. (209933838)). Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris is the promoter of the clinical investigation (MetaCardis). M.-E.D. is supported by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and by grants from the French National Research Agency (ANR-10-LABX-46 (European Genomics Institute for Diabetes)), from the National Center for Precision Diabetic Medicine – PreciDIAB, which is jointly supported by the French National Agency for Research (ANR-18-IBHU-0001), by the European Union (FEDER), by the Hauts-de-France Regional Council (Agreement 20001891/NP0025517) and by the European Metropolis of Lille (MEL, Agreement 2019_ESR_11) and by Isite ULNE (R-002-20-TALENT-DUMAS), also jointly funded by ANR (ANR-16-IDEX-0004-ULNE), the Hauts-de-France Regional Council (20002845) and by the European Metropolis of Lille (MEL). R.J.A. is a member of the Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Bioscience. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research is an independent research institution at the University of Copenhagen partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation

Combinatorial, additive and dose-dependent drug–microbiome associations

During the transition from a healthy state to cardiometabolic disease, patients become heavily medicated, which leads to an increasingly aberrant gut microbiome and serum metabolome, and complicates biomarker discovery. Here, through integrated multi-omics analyses of 2,173 European residents from the MetaCardis cohort, we show that the explanatory power of drugs for the variability in both host and gut microbiome features exceeds that of disease. We quantify inferred effects of single medications, their combinations as well as additive effects, and show that the latter shift the metabolome and microbiome towards a healthier state, exemplified in synergistic reduction in serum atherogenic lipoproteins by statins combined with aspirin, or enrichment of intestinal Roseburia by diuretic agents combined with beta-blockers. Several antibiotics exhibit a quantitative relationship between the number of courses prescribed and progression towards a microbiome state that is associated with the severity of cardiometabolic disease. We also report a relationship between cardiometabolic drug dosage, improvement in clinical markers and microbiome composition, supporting direct drug effects. Taken together, our computational framework and resulting resources enable the disentanglement of the effects of drugs and disease on host and microbiome features in multimedicated individuals. Furthermore, the robust signatures identified using our framework provide new hypotheses for drug–host–microbiome interactions in cardiometabolic disease

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Influence of growth conditions of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide on optical properties of the interfacial layer in SiC-based photodevice

The attention has been focused on the optical properties of structures of the form Au/MS/a-Si_{1-x}C_x:H/Si(100)/Al as a function of the deposition temperature of the a-Si_{1-x}C_x:H films. The amorphous SiC:H films were obtained for different temperatures ranging from 150°C up to 500°C. By photoluminescence, blue emission from all the structures was observed at room temperature and a high emission was obtained for sample whose amorphous film was deposited at 500°C. The spectral response of Au/MS/a-Si_{1-x}C_x:H/Si(100)/Al structures with a-Si_{1-x}C_x:H film deposited at 250°C, exhibits a maximum value at λ=950 nm while for structure with a-Si_{1-x}C_x:H film obtained at 150°C, a maximum value of λ was observed at 400 nm

Development of Mice Model for the West Nile Virus (Strain Mor/1996)

La présente étude a pour objectif l’élaboration et la validation d’un modèle souris pour l’infection in vivo du virus de la West Nile (WNV). Pour ce faire, 90 souris albinos natives non vaccinées ont été réparties en trois lots selon trois modes d’inoculation, à savoir: Intracérébral (IC), Sous-cutanée (SC) et Intrapéritonéale (IP). Chaque lot a été composé de 25 animaux chalengés et cinq témoins. Après inoculation, des observations quotidiennes de symptômes cliniques ont été réalisées selon un tableau de scoring préétabli sur une période de 2 mois. Après la mort des animaux, une autopsie et une décérébration ont été réalisées, en vue d’une analyse histo-pathologique, et un test RT-PCR. Les résultats ont montré que le tableau clinique le plus complet était observé chez les animaux inoculés par voie IP et SC, à savoir: ataxie, amaigrissement, une déshydratation, signes de constipation, une fasciculation et une cécité. Cependant, pour la voie IC, la majorité des souris sont mortes d’une mort foudroyante sans manifester de signes cliniques en dehors de l’ataxie. Le taux de mortalité parmi les animaux inoculés était de 96% pour la voie IC, 56% pour la voie IP et 44% pour la voie SC. L’examen histo-pathologique a montré des signes non pathognomoniques mais bien marqués comme: une gliose discrète à modérée, focale périvasculaire et une dégénérescence et nécrose neuronale discrète à modérée. En revanche, tous les échantillons testés par RT-PCR ont été positifs au WNV. Par ailleurs, le calcul de la DL50 a révélé des valeurs de 104,3 et de 104,8 respectivement pour les IC et IP. Il ressort de la présente étude que les voie d'inoculation validées pour le modèle souris de l’infection avec le virus du Nil occidental (WNV), sont les voie IP et SC. Mots-clés:  West Nile, Modèle-souris, Challenge, RT-PCRThe present study aims to develop and validate a mouse model for in vivo infection with West Nile Virus (WNV). To achieve this, 90 non-vaccinated native albino mice were divided into three groups according to three modes of inoculation: Intracerebral (IC), Subcutaneous (SC), and Intraperitoneal (IP). Each group consisted of 25 challenged animals and five controls. After inoculation, daily observation of clinical symptoms was conducted based on a predetermined scoring chart over a period of 2 months. After the animals' deaths, autopsy and decerebration were performed for histopathological analysis and an RT-PCR test. The results showed that the most comprehensive clinical presentation was observed in animals inoculated via the IP and SC routes, including ataxia, weight loss, dehydration, signs of constipation, fasciculation and blindness. However, for the IC route, the vast majority of mice suddenly died without exhibiting clinical signs, apart from ataxia. The mortality rate among inoculated animals was 96% for the IC route, 56% for the IP route and 44% for the SC route. Histopathological examination revealed non-pathognomonic but well-marked signs such as discrete to moderate focal perivascular gliosis and mild to moderate neuronal degeneration and necrosis. On the other hand, all samples tested by RT-PCR were positive for WNV. Furthermore, the calculation of the LD50 revealed values of 104.3 and 104.8 for IC and IP routes respectively. It results from this study that the validated inoculation routes for the mouse model of West Nile virus infection are the IP and SC routes. Keywords:  West Nile, Mice- Model, Challenge, RT-PC

Cataracte et dystrophie de Fuchs : Conduite à tenir dans l’état actuel des connaissances

La dystrophie de Fuchs (cornea guttata) est une pathologie primitive et progressive de l’endothélium cornéen. Il s’agit d’une pathologie ubiquitaire. Le diagnostic est posé en biomicroscopie devant l’aspect d’excroissances pathologiques de la membrane de Descemét (cornea guttata). Habituellement elle évolue en passant par des stades de cornea guttata, puis d’oedème cornéen, suivi de dystrophie bulleuse et enfin de néovascularisation et d’opacification cornéenne. L’objectif de l’évaluation préopératoire, avant la chirurgie de cataracte en présence de la dystrophie de Fuchs, est de guider le choix de la décision chirurgicale afin d’optimiser le résultat chirurgical, que ce soit une chirurgie de cataracte isolée ou une chirurgie combinée avec kératoplastie transfixiante ou endothéliale. Ainsi, l’ophtalmologiste doit faire la part entre la baisse d’acuité visuelle liée à la dystrophie de Fuchs et celle liée à la cataracte, et apprécier la capacité de l’endothélium à supporter le stress chirurgical. La greffe de cornée peut être proposée d’emblée, associée à la phacoémulsification. Actuellement, la greffe endothéliale est devenue l’intervention de référence, permettant d’éviter les écueils de la greffe transfixiante