Current problems of banking supervision and regulation : a new evidence

At present, in the era of globalization, the banking sector failure in one country can cause negative externalities for the financial institutions of other states. The fundamental problem of implementing standards based on Basel II is that these standards contribute to the development of pro-cyclicality of banking regulation. The authors emphasize the need to design such a regulatory system, which should contribute to innovative development and at the same time restrain socially dubious novelties. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to increase the size of the capital “buffer”, which is intended to address the problem of improving the financial situation and increasing the financial viability of the largest banks and banking systems. This reduces risks and increases the capital “safety cushion”, as well as optimizes the impact on the commercial banks behavior caused by the use of counter-cyclical capital regulation requirements. The conducted research supported the hypothesis put forward by the authors that when forming a countercyclical capital buffer it is necessary to focus on indicators of: return on assets of the banking system (ROА) and return on equity (ROE), depending on GDP growth, but this dependence does not become evident immediately, but with a time lag of 1 year. The object of the research is the banking system of Russia.peer-reviewe

The Role of Predictive Abilities in Professional Activity of Educational Institutions Managers

У статті аналізуються численні підходи до дослідження прогностичних здібностей особистості, кожен з яких пропонує особливі поняття і теоретичні схеми у поясненні зазначеного феномену, що свідчить про багатоаспектність і складність зазначеної проблеми. У рамках кожного підходу для опису психічних процесів і явищ, пов'язаних з прогнозуванням майбутнього, найчастіше використовуються терміни "антиципація", "імовірнісне прогнозування", "випереджаюче відображення дійсності", "прогностична здатність". У статті автор підкреслює, що широке коло досліджень проблеми прогнозування в психології відрізняється різноманітністю категоріальних позицій, відсутністю єдиної понятійної системи і загальної методологічної бази досліджень. В статті виокремлено два основних підходи до проблеми визначення прогностичної здібності: в одному з них сутність здібності до прогнозування розкривається через характеристику якостей пізнавальних психічних процесі, а в іншому – через виділення в їх змісті емоційного, когнітивного і поведінкового компонентів. Автор підкреслює, що в управлінській діяльності як професійній виокремлюються професійні знання, здібності до управлінської діяльності, здібність до прогнозування, професійно-етична свідомість. Результати теоретичного аналізу дають змогу підкреслити значення прогностичних здібностей у професійній діяльності фахівців з управління навчальними закладами. Управління соціальною системою (в тому числі і навчальним закладом) має сутнісні характеристики, що зв'язують це явище з прогнозуванням. Акцентується увага на тому, що здібність до прогнозування у професійній діяльності фахівця з управління навчальними закладами сприяє виконанню управлінських функцій, цілепокладанню, плануванню. Ефективне застосування прогнозування в управлінській діяльності дозволяє керівникам краще виконувати свої функції і дасть їм ряд переваг.The article analyzes numerous approaches in research of prognostic abilities, each of what offers specific concepts and theoretical schemes in explaining this phenomenon, that indicates complexity and multidimensional nature of the problem. In every of these approach to describe mental processes and facts, connected to future’s prediction, often are used such terms: "anticipation", "probabilistic forecasting," "anticipatory reflection of reality," "predictive ability." The author in this article emphasizes that a wide range of problem’s research of forecasting in psychology is varied of categorical positions, and the lack of a common concept system and methodological base of research. The article singles out two fundamental approaches to determining predictive abilities: in one of them the essence of ability to forecasting reveales through the characteristic of cognitive mental processes qulities, in another – through the allocation in their sense emotional, cognitive and behavioral components. The author emphasizes that in management as professional, it is distinguished professional knowledge, capacity for management activities, the ability to predict, professional and ethical consciousness. Theoretical analysis’s results allow to emphasize the importance of professional’s prognostic abilities in their management of educational institutions. Social system’s management (including educational institutions) have intrinsic characteristics that connect this phenomenon with forecasting. Primary emphasis is placed on professional’s forecasting ability in management, that promotes implementation of management functions, goal-setting and planning.The effective use of forecasting in management allows managers to perform better its functions and give them a number of advantages

The minimal compound-complex sentence hierarchy

This article deals with the problem of the study of the subsystem of such type of the Multiple Compound-Complex Sentence as a minimal compound-complex sentence. The authors analyze the formal structure of the multiple compoundcomplex sentences and try to build up the structural models hierarchy of Minimal Compound-Complex SentenceyesBelgorod State Universit

A combination of three muramyl peptides derived from gramnegative bacteria in immunotherapy of chronic pyodermia

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a standardized combination of three muramyl peptides containing a residue of meso-diaminopimelic acid (Polymuramyl), as well as effects of this immunomodulator on the lymphocyte subpopulation profile, function of circulating neutrophils, and concentrations of serum immunoglobulins in the patients with chronic recurrent pyoderma. Thirty-five men (34.5±10 years) with exacerbation of chronic pyoderma (osteofolliculitis, folliculitis, sycosis, furunculosis) were randomized into two groups matched by age and clinical manifestations of the disease. In the comparison group (n = 17), the patients received standard treatment. In the main group (n = 18), in addition to the same standard treatment, the patients received intramuscular injections of Polymuramyl at a dose of 200 mg daily from day 1 to 5 of the study. The overall assessment of the treatment efficacy was performed on the day 14, and at 1 and 6 months of observations. Induction and maintenance of complete clinical remission were assessed as “significant improvement”; induction and maintenance of partial remission were considered to be “improvement”; persistent signs of skin inflammation and lack of remission were assessed as “lack of effect”. Immunological parameters were studied on days 0 and 14, and then at 1 and 6 months of the study. Addition of Polymuramyl to the standard treatment caused a marked tendency towards increased proportion of the patients with «significant improvement» or «improvement» on the day 14: total ratio of the patients with any clinical improvement was 24% higher, and the relative number of the patients with "lack of effect" was five-fold lower than in the comparison group (p=0.076). A trend towards improved clinical efficacy, according to the above criteria, was maintained after 1 and 6 months of the study. At 6 months of the follow-up, the proportion of patients without pustules/furuncles in the main group (9 out of 18) exceeded that in the comparison group (3/17, p = 0.047). Significant inter-group differences and dynamics of indicators of neutrophil functions, subpopulation composition of lymphocytes and concentrations of immunoglobulins in serum were not detected. However, in the main group after the 6-month observation, there was an upward trend in the absolute number of T-cells due to CD3+CD4+ subpopulation, as well as serum IgA concentration. The results of this study are in accordance with previously published data, thus indicating the ability of Polymuramyl to accelerate regression of clinical manifestations of chronic pyoderma and induce sustained remission of this disease. At the same time, the design of present investigation and the timing of taking biological samples for laboratory tests did not allow to register significant changes in most of the studied systemic immunological parameters under the influence of immunomodulator, except for the previously described modulation at the level of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

PCSK9 Inhibitors in Clinical Practice: Experience of a Specialized Lipid Center

Aim. To characterize patients receiving PCSK9 inhibitors, and assess the efficiency of their treatment in a specialized lipid center.Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients who visited the Lipid clinic of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine (Moscow, Russia), receiving PCSK9 inhibitor and having lipid profile in dynamics, was carried out (n=77). Cardiovascular risk (CVR) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target levels were evaluated in accordance with the Russian guidelines for the diagnostics and correction of dyslipidemias 2020.Results. Of 77 patients taking PCSK9 inhibitors (44.2% males, the median of age 56 [47; 66] years), the majority (64.0%) had a probable or definite familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The proportion of other lipid metabolism disorders, pure hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia was 21% and 15%. More than half of the patients (68.8%) had a very high CVR, mainly due to the presence of coronary heart disease (84.9%). The proportion of patients receiving PCSK9 inhibitors as monotherapy was 7.8%, in combination with high-intensity statin therapy – 33.8%, as part of triple lipid-lowering therapy (high-intensity statin, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors) – 50.6%. Addition of PCSK9 inhibitors to combined lipid-lowering therapy enabled to reduce the LDL-C level to 1.02 [0.62; 1.39] mmol/l with its total decrease from the baseline by 87.3%. While taking PCSK9 inhibitors, LDL-C <1.8 mmol/l and <1.4 mmol/l achieved at 78.3% and 57.7% FH patients with high and very high CVR, respectively. Among patients with other hyperlipidemias, 74.1% of patients with very high CVR was achieved the target LDL-C level <1.4 mmol/l.Conclusion: In a specialized lipid center, PCSK9 inhibitors are prescribed to patients with high or very high CVR, most of whom are FH patients. The effectiveness of the use of PCSK9 inhibitors in real-world practice is comparable to the results of clinical trials

Prevalence of chronic HCV infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Russia

BACKGROUND: The poor outcomes of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and type 2 diabetes determine the socio-economic significance of the combined pathology since they lead to premature death. The proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes with markers of viral hepatitis (VH) in the Russian Federation is not known, which does not allow us to estimate the burden for the state of this medical problem.OBJECTIVE: Assessment of the prevalence of concomitant pathology, HCV infection and type 2 diabetes, as well as the proportion of severe liver damage in its structure, according to the analysis of the primary medical records of four Moscow hospitals.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients with HCV infection and diabetes mellitus, who admitted at different periods to four hospitals in Moscow, was carried out, as well as a total examination for the presence of anti-HCV in the blood of all patients with diabetes who were admitted within a certain period to the endocrinology department of a multidisciplinary hospital. Additionally, to determine the proportion of patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), an additional examination of patients with this combined pathology was carried out in accordance with the standards for the diagnosis of hepatitis C.RESULTS: In total, according to data from 4 hospitals in Moscow, over a certain period, 2% (105/5298) of diabetes patients with anti-HCV in their blood were identified. Sex ratio for men: women = 54 (51%): 51 (49%). Patients aged 50–69 years prevailed — 70% (74/105). Seroprevalence of HCV in cohorts of patients with type 2 diabetes according to the analysis in 3 health facilities: 0.9% (20/2196), 1.9% (8/432), 1.9% (28/1500). A significant drawback was revealed that did not allow assessing the true seroprevalence of HCV: not all patients were hospitalized with the results of a VH test, and not all of them were assigned an examination for VH markers if it was not performed before hospitalization. The proportion of type 2 diabetes patients with anti-HCV in the blood according to the results of total screening (3.7%; 16/432) became comparable to the proportion of type 2 diabetes patients among patients with CHC admitted to an infectious hospital (4.2%; 49 / 1170). The proportion of patients with LC according to the analysis of the medical records of the infectious hospital is 65% (32/49), in the group of endocrinological patients with additional examination it is 18% (13/71).CONCLUSION: For the first time in the Russian Federation, data were obtained on the prevalence of HCV infection in combination with type 2 diabetes. The results of the study indicate the need to develop effective screening programs to detect active HCV infection in the group of patients with diabetes, as well as patients among them with severe hepatic fibrosis for the timely conduct of highly effective antiviral therapy, which will prevent poor outcomes in a separate perspective

СТАБИЛИЗАЦИЯ РЕМИССИИ ПРИ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ОПИОИДОВ: ФАРМАКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ФАРМАКОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

Modern narcology demonstrates a problem of insufficient effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for stabilization of remission in patients with opioid dependence. Effectiveness of the existing pharmacological approaches to solving this problem varies from patient to patient. In Russia, naltrexone is a medication mainly used for stabilization of remission in patients with opioid dependence. The main course of inefficient effectiveness of naltrexone in treatment of opioid dependence could be explained by poor compliance. The effectiveness can be improved by three ways: 1) using extendedrelease formulations of naltrexone; 2) using naltrexone combined with other medications to reduce symptoms resulting in relapse; 3) conducting a pharmacogenetic analysis to provide patients’ stratification by the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. The main objective of this review is to analyze opportunities for improving pharmacological treatment methods in stabilization of remission in patients with opioid dependence using the combined pharmacotherapy and pharmacogenetic analysis in order to develop individualized pharmacological treatment approach.В современной наркологии существует проблема недостаточной эффективности фармакотерапии для стабилизации ремиссии при зависимости от опиоидов. Эффективность существующих фармакотерапевтических подходов к решению этой проблемы различается от пациента к пациенту. Одним из основных лекарственных средств, применяемых в России для стабилизации ремиссии при зависимости от опиоидов, является налтрексон. Основной причиной недостаточной эффективности налтрексона для лечения опиоидной зависимости является проблема комплаенса. Для улучшения эффективности можно использовать три подхода: 1) применение пролонгированных форм налтрексона; 2) комбинация налтрексона с другими фармакологическими препаратами, позволяющими снизить симптомы, приводящие к рецидиву; 3) фармакогенетический анализ, обеспечивающий стратификацию пациентов по эффективности фармакотерапии. Целью обзора является анализ возможностей повышения эффективности фармакологических методов стабилизации ремиссии при зависимости от опиоидов путем комбинированной фармакотерапии и фармакогенетического анализа для развития персонализированного подхода к фармакотерапии

Dissecting the interaction of photosynthetic electron transfer with mitochondrial signalling and hypoxic response in the Arabidopsis rcd1 mutant

The Arabidopsis mutant rcd1 is tolerant to methyl viologen (MV). MV enhances the Mehler reaction, i.e. electron transfer from Photosystem I (PSI) to O-2, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the chloroplast. To study the MV tolerance of rcd1, we first addressed chloroplast thiol redox enzymes potentially implicated in ROS scavenging. NADPH-thioredoxin oxidoreductase type C (NTRC) was more reduced in rcd1. NTRC contributed to the photosynthetic and metabolic phenotypes of rcd1, but did not determine its MV tolerance. We next tested rcd1 for alterations in the Mehler reaction. In rcd1, but not in the wild type, the PSI-to-MV electron transfer was abolished by hypoxic atmosphere. A characteristic feature of rcd1 is constitutive expression of mitochondrial dysfunction stimulon (MDS) genes that affect mitochondrial respiration. Similarly to rcd1, in other MDS-overexpressing plants hypoxia also inhibited the PSI-to-MV electron transfer. One possible explanation is that the MDS gene products may affect the Mehler reaction by altering the availability of O-2. In green tissues, this putative effect is masked by photosynthetic O-2 evolution. However, O-2 evolution was rapidly suppressed in MV-treated plants. Transcriptomic meta-analysis indicated that MDS gene expression is linked to hypoxic response not only under MV, but also in standard growth conditions.This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'

Сравнительный анализ возбудимости корешковой и внутримышечной аксональной систем у здоровых добровольцев при периферической магнитной стимуляции

Background. Peripheral magnetic stimulation (PMS) is applied over spinal roots, peripheral nerves, terminal motor nerve branches. PMS has been used as a method of diagnosis and treatment for two decades. Despite the considerable amount of PMS studies, there is no consensus on the approach to determine the intensity of the magnetic stimulus in the treatment stimulation, the need for the differentiated activation of the different parts of the peripheral nervous system. This was the prerequisite for carrying out this study.  Objective: to investigate the PMS intensity required to activate spinal roots and terminal nerve branches, the second object was the comparison of the threshold values among volunteers. Materials and methods. Thirty four healthy subjects with no neuromuscular diseases were enrolled in the study (mean age 31.0 ± 8.6 years). PNS was applied by Magstim 200 magnetic stimulator (Great Britain). During the research the subjective threshold, the threshold of muscle contraction, the threshold of the root activation (according to motor evoked potential) were estimated. Stimulation-induced muscle activity was recorded via surface EMG system (Neurosoft, Russia) synchronized with the magnetic stimulator. Results. The analysis of data identified the significant differences (p <0.05) between the root activation and terminal nerve branches threshold values. There were no reports of gender differences between the threshold values of all investigated parameters within the group (p >0.05). There were no significant differences between right and left limbs (p >0.05) in the comparison of all parameters. Conclusion. The results of the present study can indicate the possibility of the individual approach of the determination the intensity of the magnetic stimulus for each patient. The findings of our study provide an opportunity for a better understanding of the action mechanism of PMS and can be used in order to develop the treatment algorithm for the use in the clinical settings.Введение. Периферическая магнитная стимуляция (ПМС) предполагает воздействие импульсного магнитного поля на структуры периферической нервной системы: корешки, спинномозговые и периферические нервы. В последние годы ПМС широко используется в качестве метода диагностики и лечения. Несмотря на большое количество исследований ПМС, не существует единого мнения о подходе к определению интенсивности магнитного стимула при лечебной стимуляции, необходимости дифференцированной стимуляции различных отделов периферической нервной системы, что явилось предпосылкой для проведения данной работы. Цель исследования – определение порогов возбуждения двигательной корешковой системы и терминальных ветвей аксона при ПМС. Было проведено сравнение полученных пороговых значений среди здоровых добровольцев. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 34 здоровых добровольца (средний возраст 31,0 ± 8,6 года). ПМС проводили на магнитном стимуляторе фирмы Magstim 200 (Великобритания). В ходе исследования оценивали субъективный порог, порог сокращения мышцы и порог активации корешка (по данным вызванного моторного ответа). Электрофизиологическую регистрацию вызванного моторного ответа осуществляли на компьютерном электромиографе (Нейрософт, Россия), синхронизированном с магнитным стимулятором. Результаты. Были определены статистически достоверные различия (р <0,05) между пороговыми значениями активации ко-решковой системы и терминальных внутримышечных ветвей. Между пороговыми значениями всех исследуемых параметров внутри группы достоверных гендерных различий не зарегистрировано (р >0,05). Также не выявлено достоверных различий при сравнении всех параметров между правой и левой конечностями (p >0,05). Заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют предположить, что при формировании протокола ПМС следует использовать индивидуальный подход к определению интенсивности магнитного стимула для каждого пациента. Данные нашего исследования дают возможность лучшего понимания механизма действия ПМС и могут быть использованы для разработки лечебного алгоритма магнитной стимуляции в клинической практике.