Tissue microarray (TMA) versus whole section immunohistochemistry in the assessment of ER/PR and Her-2/neu status in a breast cancer series from Sudan.

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Basal-Like Phenotype in a Breast Carcinoma Case Series from Sudan: Prevalence and Clinical/Pathological Correlations

Basal-like breast cancer, an aggressive subtype associated with high grade, poor prognosis, and younger age, is reported frequently in Africa. We analyzed the expression of the basal cytokeratins (CKs) 5/6 and 17 in a case series from Central Sudan and investigated correlations among basal CK status, ER, PgR, and Her-2/neu, and individual/clinicopathological data. Of 113 primary breast cancers 26 (23%), 38 (34%), and 46 (41%) were, respectively, positive for CK5/6, CK17, and combined basal CKs (CK5/6 and/or CK17). Combined basal CK+ status was associated with higher grade (P < .03) and inversely correlated with ER (P < .002), PgR (P = .004) and combined ER and/or PgR (P < .0002). Two clusters based on all tested markers were generated by hierarchical cluster analysis and k-mean clustering: I: designated “hormone receptors positive/luminal-like” and II: designated “hormone receptors negative”, including both basal-like and Her-2/neu+ tumors. The most important factors for dataset variance were ER status, followed by PgR, CK17, and CK5/6 statuses. Overall basal CKs were expressed in a fraction of cases comparable to that reported for East and West African case series. Lack of associations with age and tumor size may represent a special feature of basal-like breast cancer in Sudan

International lower limb collaborative (INTELLECT) study: a multicentre, international retrospective audit of lower extremity open fractures

Trauma remains a major cause of mortality and disability across the world1, with a higher burden in developing nations2. Open lower extremity injuries are devastating events from a physical3, mental health4, and socioeconomic5 standpoint. The potential sequelae, including risk of chronic infection and amputation, can lead to delayed recovery and major disability6. This international study aimed to describe global disparities, timely intervention, guideline-directed care, and economic aspects of open lower limb injuries

Microsensors, MEMS, and Smart Devices

Microsensors and MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) are revolutionising the semiconductor industry. A microsystem or the so-called "system-on-a-chip" combines microelectronic circuitry with microsensors and microactuators. This emergent field has seen the development of applications ranging from the electronic nose and intelligent ear to micro-tweezers and the modern ink-jet nozzle. Providing a complete overview of microsensor technologies, this unique reference addresses vital integration issues for the successful application of microsensors, MEMS and smart devices. Features include: Review of traditional and emerging fabrication processes including bulk and silicon micromachining, microstereolithography and polymer processing methods. Focus on the use of IDT (interdigital transducer) microsensors in the development of low energy budget, wireless MEMS or micromachines. Coverage of the katest applications in smart devices including the electronic nose, tongue and finger, along with smart sensors and strcutures such as smart skin. An overview of the development of intelligent sensing devices through the use of sensor arrays, parametric compensation of sensor sugnals and ASIC technology. Comprehensive appendices outlining vital MEMS material properties, relevant web sites and a guide to key institutions active in the field. Microsensors, MEMS and Smart Devices presents readers with the means to understand and evaluate microsystems. Advanced students and researchers in microelectronics, engineers and developers of microsensor systems will find this comprehensive treatment essential reading. Detailed coverage of material properties makes this an important reference work for mechnical engineers, physicists and material scientists working in the field

Castleman's disease as an unusual cause of back pain in childhood

Rationale: Castleman's disease (CD) is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder that is distinguished by the presence of exotic heavy growth of lymphoid tissue. It is divided into two types: unicentric (localised) and multicentric (systemic) subtypes. Excision is the ideal therapeutic option for localised disease. Patient concern: Patient had a chronic back pain which affecting his daily activity. Diagnosis: The diagnosis of CD was incidentally detected on a magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine performed for back pain and revealed retroperitoneal paracaval lymphadenopathy, which was then excised, and the histopathology confirmed CD. Outcome: Surgical excision resulted in complete resolution of his back pain. Lessons: CD has unspecific clinical presentation and back pain is unusual presentation in our case. In addition, our patient had Noonan's syndrome suggesting a possible association with CD