4,311 research outputs found
First Detection of CO in a Low Surface Brightness Galaxy
We report on the first attempts at searching for CO in red low surface
brightness galaxies, and the first detection of molecular gas in a low surface
brightness (mu_B(0)_{obs} > 23 mag arcsec^{-2}) galaxy. Using the IRAM 30m
telescope, CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) lines were searched for in four galaxies --
P06-1, P05-5, C05-3, & C04-2. In three of the galaxies no CO was detected, to
T_{MB} ~ 1.8mK (at the 3 sigma level). In the fourth galaxy, P06-1, both lines
were detected. Comparing our findings with previous studies shows P06-1 to have
a molecular-to-atomic mass ratio considerably lower than is predicted using
theoretical models based on high surface brightness galaxy studies. This
indicates the N(H_2)/(int{T(CO)dv}) conversion factor for low surface
brightness galaxies may currently be consistently underestimated by a factor of
3 - 20.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, accepted by the ApJ
Andreev Reflections in Micrometer-Scale Normal-Insulator-Superconductor Tunnel Junctions
Understanding the subgap behavior of Normal-Insulator-Superconductor (NIS)
tunnel junctions is important in order to be able to accurately model the
thermal properties of the junctions. Hekking and Nazarov developed a theory in
which NIS subgap current in thin-film structures can be modeled by multiple
Andreev reflections. In their theory, the current due to Andreev reflections
depends on the junction area and the junction resistance area product. We have
measured the current due to Andreev reflections in NIS tunnel junctions for
various junction sizes and junction resistance area products and found that the
multiple reflection theory is in agreement with our data
The invisible power of fairness. How machine learning shapes democracy
Many machine learning systems make extensive use of large amounts of data
regarding human behaviors. Several researchers have found various
discriminatory practices related to the use of human-related machine learning
systems, for example in the field of criminal justice, credit scoring and
advertising. Fair machine learning is therefore emerging as a new field of
study to mitigate biases that are inadvertently incorporated into algorithms.
Data scientists and computer engineers are making various efforts to provide
definitions of fairness. In this paper, we provide an overview of the most
widespread definitions of fairness in the field of machine learning, arguing
that the ideas highlighting each formalization are closely related to different
ideas of justice and to different interpretations of democracy embedded in our
culture. This work intends to analyze the definitions of fairness that have
been proposed to date to interpret the underlying criteria and to relate them
to different ideas of democracy.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, preprint version, submitted to The 32nd Canadian
Conference on Artificial Intelligence that will take place in Kingston,
Ontario, May 28 to May 31, 201
Star Formation and Tidal Encounters with the Low Surface Brightness Galaxy UGC 12695 and Companions
We present VLA H I observations of the low surface brightness galaxy UGC
12695 and its two companions, UGC 12687 and a newly discovered dwarf galaxy
2333+1234. UGC 12695 shows solid body rotation but has a very lopsided
morphology of the H I disk, with the majority of the H I lying in the southern
arm of the galaxy. The H I column density distribution of this very blue, LSB
galaxy coincides in detail with its light distribution. Comparing the H I
column density of UGC 12695 with the empirical (but not well understood) value
of Sigma_c = 10E21 atoms/cm^2 found in, i.e., Skillman's 1986 paper shows the
star formation to be a local affair, occurring only in those regions where the
column density is above this star formation threshold. The low surface
brightness nature of this galaxy could thus be attributed to an insufficient
gas surface density, inhibiting star formation on a more global scale.
Significantly, though, the Toomre criterion places a much lower critical
density on the galaxy (+/-10E20 atoms/cm^2), which is shown by the galaxy's low
SFR to not be applicable.
Within a projected distance of 300kpc/30kms of UGC 12695 lie two companion
galaxies - UGC 12687, a high surface brightness barred spiral galaxy, and
2333+1234, a dwarf galaxy discovered during this investigation. The close
proximity of the three galaxies, combined with UGC 12695's extremely blue color
and regions of localized starburst and UGC 12687's UV excess bring to mind
mutually induced star formation through tidal activity.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures (2 color), To be published in A.J., May 2000
A Sobolev Poincar\'e type inequality for integral varifolds
In this work a local inequality is provided which bounds the distance of an
integral varifold from a multivalued plane (height) by its tilt and mean
curvature. The bounds obtained for the exponents of the Lebesgue spaces
involved are shown to be sharp.Comment: v1: 27 pages, no figures; v2: replaced citations of the author's
dissertation by proofs, material of sections 1 and 3 reorganised, slightly
more general results in section 2, some remarks, some discussion and some
references added, 40 pages, no figure
Basis-independent methods for the two-Higgs-doublet model II. The significance of tan(beta)
In the most general two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM), there is no distinction
between the two complex hypercharge-one SU(2) doublet scalar fields, Phi_a
(a=1,2). Thus, any two orthonormal linear combinations of these two fields can
serve as a basis for the Lagrangian. All physical observables of the model must
therefore be basis-independent. For example, tan(beta)=/ is
basis-dependent and thus cannot be a physical parameter of the model. In this
paper, we provide a basis-independent treatment of the Higgs sector with
particular attention to the neutral Higgs boson mass-eigenstates, which
generically are not eigenstates of CP. We then demonstrate that all physical
Higgs couplings are indeed independent of tan(beta). In specialized versions of
the 2HDM, tan(beta) can be promoted to a physical parameter of the
Higgs-fermion interactions. In the most general 2HDM, the Higgs-fermion
couplings can be expressed in terms of a number of physical "tan(beta)--like"
parameters that are manifestly basis-independent. The minimal supersymmetric
extension of the Standard Model provides a simple framework for exhibiting such
effects.Comment: 56 pages, 5 tables, with Eq. (65) corrected (erratum to appear in
Physical Review D
XWeB: the XML Warehouse Benchmark
With the emergence of XML as a standard for representing business data, new
decision support applications are being developed. These XML data warehouses
aim at supporting On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) operations that
manipulate irregular XML data. To ensure feasibility of these new tools,
important performance issues must be addressed. Performance is customarily
assessed with the help of benchmarks. However, decision support benchmarks do
not currently support XML features. In this paper, we introduce the XML
Warehouse Benchmark (XWeB), which aims at filling this gap. XWeB derives from
the relational decision support benchmark TPC-H. It is mainly composed of a
test data warehouse that is based on a unified reference model for XML
warehouses and that features XML-specific structures, and its associate XQuery
decision support workload. XWeB's usage is illustrated by experiments on
several XML database management systems
Spitzer Observations of Low Luminosity Isolated and Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
We examine the infrared properties of five low surface brightness galaxies
(LSBGs) and compare them with related but higher surface brightness galaxies,
using Spitzer Space Telescope images and spectra. All the LSBGs are detected in
the 3.6 and 4.5um bands, representing the stellar population. All but one are
detected at 5.8 and 8.0um, revealing emission from hot dust and aromatic
molecules, though many are faint or point-like at these wavelengths. Detections
of LSBGs at the far-infrared wavelengths, 24, 70, and 160um, are varied in
morphology and brightness, with only two detections at 160um, resulting in
highly varied spectral energy distributions. Consistent with previous
expectations for these galaxies, we find that detectable dust components exist
for only some LSBGs, with the strength of dust emission dependent on the
existence of bright star forming regions. However, the far-infrared emission
may be relatively weak compared with normal star-forming galaxies.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, accepted to Ap
Football and the Mysterious Nature of Global Capital: A Case Study of Birmingham City FC and Birmingham International Holdings
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