16: Developing And Renewing Department Chair Leadership

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138885/1/tia200608.pd

L’évolution de la notion d’expérience chez Boullier et Condillac sur la question de l’âme des bêtes

Le dualisme métaphysique de Descartes en séparant l’âme du corps comme deux substances distinctes faisait de l’homme un être raisonnable, mais au préjudice des animaux qui s’expliquaient par tout un jeu de mécanismes. Il n’en subsistait pas moins un problème concernant une certaine ressemblance ou analogie remarquable entre les humains et les bêtes. Qu’en était-il du caractère sensible des animaux qui semblait si évident ? On s’est souvent servi au XVIIIe siècle de la notion d’expérience pour justifier l’existence de l’âme des bêtes, ce qui le différencie nettement du siècle précédent, marqué par l’innéisme cartésien. Grâce en grande partie à la propagation des idées de John Locke en France, la notion d’expérience se situera au centre même de la pensée des Lumières et fera partie intégrante de sa nouvelle méthode. L’une des réponses les plus élaborées du XVIIIe siècle au système des animaux­automates de Descartes et au mécanisme de ses successeurs fut proposée par David-Renaud Boullier dans son Essai philosophique sur l’âme des bêtes (1728 ; deuxième édition en 1737). (L’article AME DES BÊTES (1751) de l’abbé Yvon dans l’Encyclopédie reprend par endroits les thèses, voire les exemples, de Boullier presque mot à mot). Étienne Bonnot, abbé de Condillac, écrira son Traité des animaux en 1755. Les uns et les autres croyaient à l’existence de l’âme des bêtes. Mais, de Boullier à Condillac, représentants de courants de pensée majeurs du siècle sur cette question, un changement fondamental s’opère dans la notion d’expérience qui « évolue » entre la première et la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Les affinités et les divergences de leurs écrits et finalement leurs approches différentes de la notion d’expérience tournent autour des degrés de complexité, de nécessité et de hiérarchie que les deux auteurs y constatent. On en conclut que leur vision du monde, où la sensibilité ne se limite pas seulement aux hommes, est de plus en plus complexe et commence à être quelque peu problématique (malgré l’occasionalisme des deux auteurs) et de moins en moins hiérarchisée.The evolution of the notion of experience in the writings of Boullier and Condillac on animal soulsBy separating the body from the soul as two distinct substances, Descartes’s metaphysical dualism underlined man’s rational nature, but at the expense of animals, whose behaviour was explained in purely mechanical terms. There remained, however, a problematic analogy between humans and animals. What could one make of the obvious sensitive character of animals ? Unlike their predecessors, who appealed to Cartesian innate ideas, 18th-century thinkers used the notion of experience — which became central to Enlightenment thought, primarily becase Locke’s ideas were disseminated in France — to justify the existence of animal souls. The most important 18th-century responses to Descartes’s system of animal-automata and to his disciples’ mechanism were David-Renaud Boullier’s Essai philosophique sur l’âme des bêtes (1728, 2nd ed. 1737), used heavily and even copied in Yvon’s Encyclopédie article AME DES BÊTES (1751), and Condillac’s Traité des animaux. Both believed in the existence of animal soul, but from the former to the latter the notion of experience underwent a fundamental transformation, as it ‘evolved’ betwen the first and the second halves of the 18th Century. The similarities and differences in their writings, and ultimately their different approaches to the notion of experience, result from the degree of complexity, necessity and hierarchy that they see in it. Their world view, in which sensibility is not limited to humans, becomes increasingly complex and somewhat problematic as it becomes less and less hierarchical

The Enlightenment Past: Reconstructing Eighteenth-Century French Thought

À un moment donné de son nouveau livre, D. Brewer pose la question suivante : « Se rappeler le siècle des Lumières, n’est-ce pas ouvrir l’espace d’une mise en question troublante ? » (p. 146 ; nous traduisons ici et ailleurs dans ce compte-rendu les citations originales du texte en anglais).Cette question, en plus des nombreuses autres qu’il pose, donne à son ouvrage un ton interrogatif qui reflète un profond malaise et scepticisme dans toute tentative d’interpréter les Lumières de façon « té..

16: A Research‐Based Rubric for Developing Statements of Teaching Philosophy

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138851/1/tia200512.pd

The Role of Social Capital, Collective Efficacy, and Webs of Support in Supporting First Year Students: Experiences From the Exploratory Studies Program at the University of Nebraska Omaha

Historically, graduation rates for students entering the University of Nebraska Omaha as “undecided” were abysmal. The Exploratory Studies Program was created to support students who enter the university without a major (Explorers), half of them being first-generation, who often equate their indecision with not belonging at the university and face an array of barriers in higher education. Explorers embedded in a “web of support” of faculty, peer mentors, and advisors help to normalize the process of finding a best-fit major and navigating the complexities of academia, well-being, and future career development. The current article employs sociological and human development paradigms to demonstrate how social capital, collective efficacy, and webs of support can improve student belonging in their first year in university and help buffer barriers to success in higher education. In addition, this framework offers educators a powerful tool to work collaboratively with “undecided” students to augment persistence toward graduation

The physical activity experiences of men with serious mental illness: Three short stories

Objectives: Although a considerable amount of research has explored the effects of physical activity on mental health, the voices of people with mental illness have been largely excluded from published reports. Through this study we aim to foreground service users' voices in order to shed light on the personal and subjective nature of the relationship between physical activity and serious mental illness (SMI). Methods: An interpretive case study approach was used to explore in depth the physical activity experiences of three men with SMI. Creative analytic practice was used to write three creative non-fictions which, as first-person narratives, foreground the participants' voices. Results: We present three short stories in an effort to communicate participants' personal and subjective experiences of physical activity in an accessible, engaging, and evocative manner. We hope to: (i) provide potentially motivating physical activity success stories for others who live with SMI; (ii) increase awareness among mental health professionals of the possibilities of physical activity; and (iii) provide an empathetic understanding of possibilities and problems of living with SMI which may help challenge the stigma surrounding mental illness. Conclusions: For us, the stories communicate the diversity and difference inherent in the ways men with SMI experience physical activity. We reflect on how the short story form allows these differences to be preserved and respected. We resist making further interpretations of the stories preferring instead to encourage the reader to form her or his own conclusions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Characterization of Rat Meibomian Gland Ion and Fluid Transport

We establish novel primary rat meibomian gland (MG) cell culture systems and explore the ion transport activities of the rat MG

X-Box–Binding Protein 1 and Innate Immune Responses of Human Cystic Fibrosis Alveolar Macrophages

Rationale: Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a key role in host defense to inhaled bacterial pathogens, in part by secreting inflammatory mediators. Cystic fibrosis (CF) airways exhibit a persistent, robust inflammatory response that may contribute to the pathophysiology of CF. Recent findings have linked endoplasmic reticulum stress responses mediated by inositol-requiring enzyme 1α–dependent messenger RNA splicing (activation) of X-box–binding protein-1 (XBP-1s) to inflammation in peripheral macrophages. However, the role of XBP-1s in CF AM function is not known