Taxonomic Status Of The Neotropical Caecilian Genera Brasilotyphlus Taylor, 1968, Microcaecilia Taylor, 1968 And Parvicaecilia Taylor, 1968 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Siphonopidae)

ABSTRACT — We review the taxonomic history and assess the status of three genera of siphonopid caecilians from South America. Evidence from dentition and squamation suggest that Microcaecilia is paraphyletic with respect to Parvicaecilia. To avoid this paraphyly we propose to relegate the latter to the synonymy of the former. We find no evidence warranting any change in the taxonomic status of Brasilotyphlus at this time. We provide a rediagnosis of Microcaecilia and a key to the fourteen currently recognized species.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/122718/1/OP 744.pd

Growing Fit: Georgia’s Model for Engaging Early Care Environments in Preventing Childhood Obesity

Background: In the United States, one in three children is overweight or obese by their fifth birthday. In Georgia, 35 percent of children are overweight or obese. Contrary to popular belief, children who are overweight or obese are unlikely to outgrow their weight status as adults, making early childhood an essential time to address weight status. An estimated 380,000 Georgia children attend early care and education environments, such as licensed child care centers, Head Start, and pre-kindergarten programs, which provide an opportunity to reach large numbers of children, including those at risk for obesity and overweight. Methods: To address this opportunity, the Georgia Department of Public Health, Georgia Shape - the Governor’s Initiative to prevent childhood obesity, and HealthMPowers, Inc., created the Growing Fit training and toolkit to assist early childhood educators in creating policy, systems, and environmental changes that support good nutrition and physical activity. This report, the first related to this project, describes the training and its dissemination between January and December 2015. Results: A total of 103 early childcare educators from 39 early childcare education centers (22 individual childcare systems) from 19 counties in Georgia were trained. Fifteen systems completed a pre and post-test assessment of their system, demonstrating slight improvements. Training for an additional 125 early childcare education centers is planned for 2016. Conclusions: Lessons learned from the first year of the training include the need for more robust assessment of adoption and implementation of policy, systems, and environmental changes in trained centers

A randomized controlled trial of a decision aid for women considering genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk

PURPOSE: To measure the effectiveness of a tailored decision aid (DA) designed to help women make informed decisions about genetic testing for breast/ovarian cancer risk. METHODS: A total of 145 women were randomized to receive the DA or a control pamphlet at the end of their first genetic counseling consultation. Of these, 120 (82.8%) completed two questionnaires, 1 week and 6 months post-consultation. RESULTS: While the DA had no effect on informed choice, post-decisional regret or actual genetic testing decision, the trial showed that women who received the DA had higher knowledge levels and felt more informed about genetic testing than women who received the control pamphlet (chi(2)(2) = 6.82; P = 0.033; chi(2)(1) = 4.86; P = 0.028 respectively). The DA also helped women who did not have blood drawn at their first consultation to clarify their values with regards to genetic testing (chi(2)(1) = 5.27; P = 0.022). Women who received the DA were less likely to share the information with other family members than women in the control condition (chi(2)(1) = 8.78; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Decision aids are an effective decision-support strategy for women considering genetic testing for breast/ovarian cancer risk, and are most effective before the patient has made a decision, which is generally at the point of having blood drawn

Optical and geometrical aerosol particle properties over the United Arab Emirates

One year of ground-based night-time Raman lidar observations has been analysed under the Optimization of Aerosol Seeding In rain enhancement Strategies (OASIS) project, in order to characterize the aerosol particle properties over a rural site in the United Arab Emirates. In total, 1130 aerosol particle layers were detected during the 1-year measurement campaign which took place between March 2018 and February 2019. Several subsequent aerosol layers could be observed simultaneously in the atmosphere up to 11 km. The observations indicate that the measurement site is a receptor of frequent dust events, but predominantly the dust is mixed with aerosols of anthropogenic and/or marine origin. The mean aerosol optical depth over the measurement site ranged at 0.37±0.12 and 0.21±0.11 for 355 and 532 nm, respectively. Moreover, mean lidar ratios of 43±11 sr at a wavelength of 355 nm and 39±10 sr at 532 nm were found. The average linear particle depolarization ratio measured over the course of the campaign was 15±6% and 19±7% at the 355 and 532 nm wavelengths, respectively. Since the region is both a source and a receptor of mineral dust, we have also explored the properties of Arabian mineral dust of the greater area of the United Arab of Emirates and the Arabian Peninsula. The observed Arabian dust particle properties were 45±5 (42±5) sr at 355 (532) nm for the lidar ratio, 25±2% (31±2 %) for the linear particle depolarization ratio at 355 (532) nm, and 0.3±0.2 (0.2±0.2) for the extinction-related Angstrom exponent (backscatterrelated Angstrom exponent) between 355 and 532 nm. This study is the first to report comprehensive optical properties of the Arabian dust particles based on 1-year long observations, using to their fullest the capabilities of a multi-wavelength Raman lidar instrument. The results suggest that the mineral dust properties over the Middle East and western Asia, including the observation site, are comparable to those of African mineral dust with regard to the particle depolarization ratios, but not for lidar ratios. The smaller lidar ratio values in this study compared to the reference studies are attributed to the difference in the geochemical characteristics of the soil originating in the study region compared to northern Africa. © 2020 Royal Society of Chemistry. All rights reserved

Acetaminophen ingestion improves repeated sprint cycling performance in females: a randomized crossover trial

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of acute acetaminophen (ACT) ingestion on eight maximal 30-second cycling bouts, interspersed with two-minute rests. Seven recreationally active females (N=7, 22.8±6.7 years of age, with a stature of 163.4±5.8 cm, and body mass of 58.9±5.9 kg) participated in a placebo-controlled, randomized crossover design. Pain perception, heart rate, and power profiles were analyzed using a time x condition repeated measures ANOVA. Blood lactate after the eighth bout and total work done were analyzed using the paired samples t-test. Participants achieved a significantly greater (p=.007, =.725) peak power output during the ACT trials (402.9±73.8 W, 95% CI=334.6–471.1 W) when compared to the placebo (PLA) trials (378.7±64.6 W, 95% CI=319.0–438.4 W). Supplementation of ACT had no effect on mean power output, blood lactate accumulation, pain perception, or total work done after eight bouts (p>.05). Data presented here suggest females can improve peak power output during repeated Wingate tests with ACT ingestion. It is proposed that the altered afferent feedback may have caused these alterations in power output

Understanding the prevalence of bear part consumption in Cambodia:A comparison of specialised questioning techniques

The trade in bear parts for medicine and for status is a conservation challenge throughout Asia. The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) are endemic to this region, and populations are estimated to have declined throughout their ranges due to widespread illegal killing of bears and trade in parts, combined with loss of habitat. Previous studies have indicated that legislation alone is insufficient to prevent illegal hunting and trade, indicating instead a need to address demand for bear parts and products. We conducted mixed-method surveys in Cambodia to understand the key motivators for individuals to consume bear parts, and to understand whether specialised questioning techniques are applicable in this context. Bear part use is illegal in Cambodia and may therefore be considered a sensitive behaviour, in that individuals may be reluctant to admit to it. To counteract possible biases, four specialised questioning techniques were used in this study: randomised response technique (RRT), unmatched count technique (UCT), nominative technique (NT), and false consensus bias (FCB). All four methods serve to shield a respondent’s admittance of a sensitive behaviour from the interviewer. The results presented here show that great variability exists in anonymous methods’ efficacy in certain contexts. However, the results overall indicate that individuals in Cambodia are under-reporting their consumption of bear parts when directly asked, and that the prevalence of bear part use in Cambodia may be as high as 15% of the population, representing a significant conservation challenge

Understanding the prevalence of bear part consumption in Cambodia:A comparison of specialised questioning techniques

<div><p>The trade in bear parts for medicine and for status is a conservation challenge throughout Asia. The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) are endemic to this region, and populations are estimated to have declined throughout their ranges due to widespread illegal killing of bears and trade in parts, combined with loss of habitat. Previous studies have indicated that legislation alone is insufficient to prevent illegal hunting and trade, indicating instead a need to address demand for bear parts and products. We conducted mixed-method surveys in Cambodia to understand the key motivators for individuals to consume bear parts, and to understand whether specialised questioning techniques are applicable in this context. Bear part use is illegal in Cambodia and may therefore be considered a sensitive behaviour, in that individuals may be reluctant to admit to it. To counteract possible biases, four specialised questioning techniques were used in this study: randomised response technique (RRT), unmatched count technique (UCT), nominative technique (NT), and false consensus bias (FCB). All four methods serve to shield a respondent’s admittance of a sensitive behaviour from the interviewer. The results presented here show that great variability exists in anonymous methods’ efficacy in certain contexts. However, the results overall indicate that individuals in Cambodia are under-reporting their consumption of bear parts when directly asked, and that the prevalence of bear part use in Cambodia may be as high as 15% of the population, representing a significant conservation challenge.</p></div