Analysis of Financial Performance in Dairy Enterprises; The Case Study of Konya, Turkey

Sustainability and development of the dairy enterprises are dependent on competitiveness. Determination of the performance of the enterprises requires measurement and analyses of the financial performance of the enterprises. The ability of dairy enterprises to continue and grow is dependent on competitiveness. It requires that the financial performance of the farm enterprises be measured and analysed in order for the enterprises to be able to detect the competition power in a healthy manner. The aim of the study is to analyse the financial performance of the dairy enterprises in Konya province by determining the capital structure. Çumra, Karapınar and Ereğli districts constituted 15% of the number of bovine animals, were selected by using sampling method. The number of dairy cattle in these enterprises constituted the main frame of the population the primary data collected from 125 dairy farm enterprises with questionnaire technique through stratified sampling method with 95% confidence interval and error margin of 5%. The capital structure of the enterprises surveyed in the research area was classified according to their functions and the average active capital of the enterprises was calculated as 845,330.85$. 67.87% of the active capital is composed of land capital, 31.70% is composed of fixed enterprises capital and 0.43% is variable working capital. The economic profitability level (EP) was determined as 6.90% and the financial profitability level (FP) indicated the success of the enterprise was calculated as 7.06%. The capital turnover rate, an important indicator in the success and comparison of the enterprises, is 28.22%. As a result, their development and competitiveness are slow, because they do not use enough business and investment capital

Investigation of the spatial inhomogeneity in poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) gels by static light scattering technique

Poliakrilamid (PAAm) jellerinde ışık saçınım tekniği ile yapısal inhomojenitenin nasıl değiştiği incelenmiştir. PAAm jellerinde başlangıç monomer konsantrasyonu sabit tutularak, sadece çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonu değiştirilmiştir. Işık saçınım ölçüm sonuçlarından polimer jellerinin, polimer çözeltilerinden daima daha fazla ışığı saçtığı bulunmuştur. Jellerde gözlenen bu fazla saçınım intensitesi çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonu arttıkça belirgin bir şekilde artmaktadır. Bu ölçülen fazla saçınım intensitesi  değeri yapısal inhomojenitenin ölçüm parametrisi olduğundan çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonu artıkça jellerdeki inhomojenite derecesinin arttığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Işık saçınım intensitelerinden Debye Bueche teorisi yardımıyla inhomojen bölgelerin boyutları x ve konsantrasyon dalgalanmalarının kareleri ortalaması  değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde amonyum persülfat – N,N,N',N'-tetrametilendiamin (TEMED) redoks başlatıcı sistemi ile PAAm jelleri sentezlenmiş ve bekleme süresi ile saçınım  intensitelerinin değişimi takip edilmiştir. PAAm jellerinin zamanla saçınım intensitelerinin azalarak daha homojen hale geldiği gözlenmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonu  sabit tutularak farklı başlangıç konsantrasyonlarında hazırlanan PAAm jellerinde sentez sonrası ve şişme sonrası dengeye geldikten sonra yapısal inhomojenileri incelenmiş ve inhomojenite derecesinin maksimum olduğu kritik bir konsantrasyonun varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar Debye Bueche teorisi yardımı ile açıklanarak nedenleri tartışılmıştır.  Anahtar kelimeler: Poliakrilamid, inhomojenite, ışık saçınımı.Hydrogels are important materials from both fundamental and technological points. Swelling properties and the elastic behavior of hydrogels have been intensively studied in the last four decades. However, theories are still unable to predict their physical properties from the synthesis conditions. This is due to the several non-idealities of the gel formation system such as the different and conversion-dependent reactivities of the vinyl groups, cyclization, multiple crosslinking, and diffusion-controlled reactions (Funke et al., 1998). In contrast to ideal gels with a homogeneous distribution of crosslinks, real gels always exhibit an inhomogeneous crosslink density distribution, known as the spatial gel inhomogeneity. The inhomogeneities present in gels are of considerable interest and importance in attempts to characterize such materials physically. From the practical point of view, spatial inhomogeneity is undesirable because it dramatically reduces the optical clarity and strength of gels, which are properties closely connected with many industrial applications such as contact lenses, super absorbents, cosmetics, etc. Since the spatial gel inhomogeneity necessarily produces local concentration fluctuations in gels, scattering methods have been used to investigate the inhomogeneities. The gel inhomogeneity can be manifested by comparing the scattering intensities from the gel and from a semi-dilute solution of the same polymer at the same concentration. The excess scattering over the scattering from polymer solution is related to the degree of the inhomogeneities in gels.  In general, the gel inhomogeneity increases with the gel crosslink density due to the simultaneous increase of the extent of network imperfections producing regions more or less rich in crosslinks  On the other hand, the inhomogeneity decreases with the ionization degree of gels due to the effects of the mobile counter ions, electrostatic repulsion and the Donnan potential. Degree of swelling of gels subjected to scattering measurements also affects the scattering intensities. Bueche reported in 1970 the enhancement of scattering intensity associated with the swelling of polymer Networks. The scattered light intensity from gels was found to be much larger than that of the polymer network alone. Later, various types of gels have been investigated at different swelling stages.The results show that the scattering intensity at low scattering vectors is enhanced as the swelling degree is increased. This behavior was interpreted as the enhancement of the difference of polymer concentration between the more and the less crosslinked regions. The spatial inhomogeneity in (PAAm) gels has been investigated with the static light scattering technique. In the first section, the gels were prepared using N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BAAm) as a crosslinker at a fixed initial monomer concentration but at various crosslink densities. Elasticity measurements show that 80 to 90 % of the crosslinker molecules used in the hydrogel preparation were wasted by cyclization and multiple crosslinking reactions during the gel formation process. Light scattering measurements show that the excess scattering from gels increases with increasing BAAm content.  Since the excess scattering Rex(q) is a measure of the spatial inhomogeneity in a gel, this indicates that the PAAm gel becomes more inhomogeneous with increasing BAAm concentration. The size of the inhomogeneous regins in gels  as well as the mean square fluctuations in the reflactive index were calculated using the light scattering data of gels togetter with the Debye- bueche theory. In the second section ammonium persulfateN,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine redox initiator system was used to initiate the polymerization reactions and to follow up scattering intensities as a function of time of aging gels in the synthesis reactor. It was shown that the excess scattering decreases,  PAAm gel becomes increasingly homogeneous with increasing time of aging. The scattered light intensities from aged gels were interpreted using the Debye-Bueche analysis and a thermodynamic model was developed. In the third section the gels were prepared using N,N?-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BAAm) as a crosslinker at a fixed crosslinker ratio X but at various initial monomer concentrations. The gels, both at the state of preparation and at the equilibrium swollen state in water, exhibit a maximum degree of spatial gel inhomogeneity at a critical monomer concentration.  Keyword: Inhomogeneity, polyAcrylamide, light scattering

Effects of hyaluronic acid gel application on ıncisional oral mucosal wound healing: An experimental study

Amaç: Hyaluronik asit (HA), ekstraselüler matrisin biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen, doğal elemanı olan bir polimeridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, HA jel uygulamasının oral mukozanın insizyonel yara iyileşmesi üzerindeki rejeneratif etkilerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada 40 adet dişi Sprague-Dawley cinsi sıçan kullanılmıştır. Sıçanların sağ ve sol bukkal mukozalarına 10 mm uzunluğunda tam kalınlıkta mukozal kesiler yapılmıştır. Sol mukozal yaralara HA jel uygulanırken, sağ mukozal yaralar kontrol grubu olarak boş bırakılmıştır. Mukozal yaralar rezorbe olabilen süturlarla dikilmiştir. Sıçanlar takip sürelerine göre randomize olarak 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. Operasyonu takip eden 3. gün, 7. gün, 14. gün ve 21. günlerde sıçanlar sakrifiye edilip; reepitelizasyon, inflamasyon, fibroblast proliferasyonu, kollajen birikimi ve anjiyogenez histopatolojik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Histopatolojik değerlendirme sonucunda, tüm iyileşme periyotlarında kontrol örneklerine kıyasla HA uygulanan örneklerinde daha yüksek fibroblast proliferasyonu ve anjiyogenez olduğu tespit edildi. Öte yandan, HA ile kontrol grubu arasında reepitelizasyon açısından istatistiksel anlamlı farklılık tespit edilememiştir. Sonuç: Histopatolojik incelemeler sonucunda elde edilen verilere göre ticari olarak temin edilebilen HA jelin, iyileşen oral mukoza yarasının bağ dokusu kalitesi ve anjiyogenezi üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğunu ve farklı mukozal iyileşme senaryolarında faydalı olabileceğini göstermiştir. HA’nın çok sayıda potansiyel uygulama endikasyonu ve çeşitli rejeneratif özellikleri olmasına rağmen amaçlanan klinik kullanım için optimum moleküler ağırlığını, uygulama yolunu ve tedavi zamanlamasını belirlemek için daha fazla çalışma yapılmalıdır.Objective: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring biodegradable polymer of the extracellular matrix. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regenerative effects of HA gel on incisional oral mucosal wound healing. Material and Methods: Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the present study. Ten mm length, full-thickness mucosal incisions were made on the left and right buccal mucosa of the rats. Left mucosal wounds were filled with HA gel and right mucosal wounds were left empty as the control group samples. The mucosal wound was sutured with absorbable sutures. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups according to healing time. At the end of 3. day, 7. day, 14. day and 21. days healing periods rats were euthanized. Re-epithelialization, inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis were investigated based on histopathological findings. Results: Histopathological analysis revealed higher fibroblast proliferation and angiogenesis in the HA samples compared with the control samples at all investigated healing periods. On the other hand, differences between re-epithelialization scores of HA samples and control samples did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The data and the histopathological investigations suggest that commercially available HA gel has beneficial effects of oral mucosa would healing regarding connective tissue quality, and angiogenesis of the wound. Although HA displays a great number of potential applications and regenerative properties, further studies should be carried out to define the optimum molecular weight, application route, and timing for treatment for intended clinical use

Investigation of survivin gene polymorphism in patients with gastric carcinoma

Objectives: Despite decreasing incidence of gastric cancerin worldwide, it is still a major health problem. Everyyear, 30.000 new gastric cancer cases emerging, and itis the second most common cancer in Turkey. Gastriccancer is a complex multifactorial disease, emerging byinteraction between genetic and environmental factors.Survivin, apoptosis inhibitory protein is over-expressed incancer tissue. In this study, association between Survivin-31G/C polymorphism and gastric carcinoma was investigated.Materials and Methods: 46 gastric carcinoma patientswho had been admitted at Düzce University Researchand Practice Hospital, Laboratory of Pathology and 42healthy individuals have been included in the study. Sampleshave been subjected to genetic analysis by PCRRFLPmethod in Medical Genetics Department laboratoryat Düzce University.Results: GG genotype was found in 16 (34.8%), GCgenotype in 21 (45.7%), CC genotype in 9 (19.6%) in patientgroup. In control group, genotype distribution werefound 13 (31%), 26 (61.9%) and 3 (7.1%) respectively.The statistically significant difference was not found whencompared between patient and control groups. However,we observed the increased occurrence of gastric cancerassociated with CC genotype (OR=1.52).Conclusions: In our knowledge, this study is the first toevaluate the relationship between gastric carcinoma andSurvivin -31G/C polymorphism in Turkish population. Ourresults show that there is no any association betweengastric carcinoma and Survivin -31G/C polymorphismin the community which is represented by our study andcontrol groups. However, it was concluded that CC genotypemay create the susceptibility to gastric cancer.Key words: Polymorphism, gastric carcinoma, survivinggene, apoptosi

Kilitli vida ve plak sisteminin sagittal split ramus osteotomisinde kullanılmasının üç boyutlu modelleme ve sonlu elemanlar analiziyle incelenmesi

Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomisi (SSRO) çenelerdeki birçok konjenital ya da kazanılmış deformitenin düzeltilmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Obwegeser ve Trauner tarafından tanımlanmış ve zamanla Dal Pont ve Hunsuck tarafından modifiye edilerek son halini almıştır. SSRO uygulanmasını takiben fiksasyon ve stabilizasyon sağlamak amacıyla tel osteosentezinden metal plak ve vidalara kadar birçok teknik geliştirilmiş ve uygulanmıştır. Ortognatik cerrahide miniplak ve vidalar 1980’li yıllardan itibaren rijit internal fiksasyon sağlamak amacıyla rutin kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Titanyum vida sisteminin dezavantajlarını gidermek ve fiksasyon stabilitesini arttırmak için araştırmalar devam etmiş ve bu amaçla kilitli vida ve plak sistemleri üretilerek travma ve rekonstrüktif işlemlerde kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada 2.0mm kilitli mini vida ve plak sistemleri ile 2.0mm standart mini vida ve plak sistemlerinin fiksasyon güvenirliliği SSRO uygulamalarında 3 boyutlu modelleme ve sonlu elemanlar analiziyle 200 N çiğneme kuvveti uygulanarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçta SSRO ile 5 mm ilerletme yapılıp fikse edilen modellerde kilitli vida ve plak ile konvansiyonel vida ve plak sistemleri arasında kemiğe iletilen kuvvetler ve kemikte oluşan deformasyonlar açısından önemli bir fark gözlenmemiştir

SARKOPTİK UYUZLU KÖPEKLERDE SERUM 25 HİDROKSİ VİTAMİN D3 DÜZEYLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Günümüzde bir vitaminden çok, pre-hormon olduğu belirlenmiş olan D vitamininin sarkoptik uyuzlu köpeklerdeki etkisi ile ilgili bilgilerin oldukça sınırlı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı özellikteki sarkoptik uyuzlu köpeklerde 25 hidroksi vitamin D3 düzeylerinin ölçülmesi ve böylelikle hastalık aktivitesi ile olan ilişkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın kapsamında, “I. Sarkoptik Uyuzlu Köpekler” ve “II. Hiçbir Hastalık Belirlenemeyen Sağlıklı Köpekler” olmak üzere iki grup ele alındı. Araştırmaya dâhil edilen köpeklerin her birinin Vena cephalica antebrachii’sinden antikoagülansız serum tüplerine 2 ml kan örneği alınarak santrifüje tabi tutulmuş, ardından radyoimmünoassay yöntemi ile bu örneklerdeki 25 hidroksi vitamin D3 düzeyleri belirlendi. Elde edilen parametrelerin hesaplanması ve karşılaştırılmasında uygun istatistiksel yöntemlerin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada, sarkoptik uyuzu olan köpekler ve sağlıklı köpeklerde 25(OH) D3 seviyelerine ait ortalama ± standart sapma değerleri sırası ile 30,72 ± 3,52 ve 79,93 ± 5,76 ng/ml olarak saptandı. Araştırmamızda elde edilen sonuçlara göre sarkoptik uyuzla enfekte köpeklerdeki D vitamini seviyelerinin ölçülmesinin ve gerekli takviyelerin sağaltıma eşlik ettirilmesinin fayda sağlayacağı söylenebilinir.KABUL ONAY i TEŞEKKÜR ii İÇİNDEKİLER iii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ vi TABLOLAR DİZİNİ vii ÖZET viii ABSTRACT ix 1. GİRİŞ 1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER 2 2.1. D Vitamini (Hormonu) Metabolizması 2 2.2. Vitamin D Aktivitesi 7 2.3. D Vitamini ve Mikrobiyata/Probiyotikler 9 2.4. Hayvanlarda D Vitamini 10 2.4.1. Hayvanlarda D Vitamini Eksikliği ve Nedenleri 12 2.4.2. D Vitamini Kaynakları 14 2.4.3. Hayvanlarda D Vitamini İntoksikasyonu 15 2.5. D Vitamini ve Deri 16 2.6. Sarkoptik Uyuz 18 3. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM 21 3.1. Prensip 21 3.2. İçerik 22 3.3. Muayene Metodu 22 3.4. Çalışma Materyali ve Gruplar 23 3.5. Metodolojik Analizler 24 3.6. Teşhiste Kullanılan Malzemeler 24 3.7. İstatiksel Analiz 25 4. BULGULAR 26 4.1. Demografik Bulgular 26 4.2. Parazitolojik Bulgular 27 5. TARTIŞMA 28 6. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER 31 KAYNAKLAR 32 EKLER 38 ÖZGEÇMİ

The Effect of Socio-Economic Factors on Adoption of Innovations in Dairy Farms

The research was conducted with the aim of determining the social and economic factors which are effective on the adoption of new technologies at dairy farms in the province of Konya. The data used in the research was obtained on a volunteer basis by questionnaire technique from 128 dairy farms determined with stratified sampling method that is one of random sampling method. 51.56% of enterprises investigated were high innovators and 48.44% of enterprises were low innovators. In conclusion, it was determined that the milk yield, enterprise income, education of enterpriser, family size, number of animals, existence of land, case of receiving services of consultancy and frequency of using mass media tools made positive contributions to adoption of innovations by enterprises in the research field. But the training level decreased as the age of enterpriser increased in the research field. This case retards the adoption process of innovations and deescalates the use of new technologies in the enterprises. The young farmers come to the forefront in the adoption and implementation of innovations

Economic Analysis of Dairy Cattle Enterprises: The Case of Konya Province

This study evaluates the economic activity results of dairy cattle enterprises in Konya Province. The data used in the research was obtained through questionnaire technique from 125 dairy cattle enterprises which were determined with stratified random sampling method on a voluntary basis. The total active captial of the enterprises are $845,330.85 and the share of animal capital is 26.27$104,235.23 and the sum of all fixed cost is $40,496.15. The share of feed cost in variable costs is 84.33$194,759.57 and 85.08% of this value is from milk and milk products. Gross profit per enterprise is $90,524.34 and net profit is$50,028.19. In the study, the milk cost is calculated at $0.31/lt. Sale price of milk of enterprises is$0.42/lt in 2015. In the research field, economic profitability of enterprises is calculated at 2.04% and financial profitability is calculated at 2.02%. As a result of the research, the greatest problems of dairy cattle enterprises are identified as supplying of roughage and concentrate feed, low levels of organization, low number of milked stocks, and taking individual actions against the market