Are Census Omissions of Young Children Due to Respondent Misconceptions about the Census?

The United States Census Bureau acknowledges the systematic undercount of young children in censuses and widely used surveys. Despite the growing body of research to understand the scope and characteristics of undercounted young children, little is known about likely causes. Missing from the research are efforts to talk with respondents about possible reasons for young child omissions. This study addresses that shortcoming using data from an online survey asking 800 respondents with young children several questions related to children and the census. The results indicate that many respondents have doubts about including young children in the census count for their household. Only 82 percent of low-income parents of young children responded that they would include their young child in the census count for their household. This percentage was lower if children had weaker ties to a household. These survey results provide evidence that misconceptions and confusion about including young children in the census exist and could easily result in young child omissions. These findings warrant replication and suggest that significant changes in instructions are needed to dispel these respondent misconceptions

The Changing Child Population of the United States: First Data from the 2020 Census

The United States is a wonderfully diverse nation, and its child population represents a kaleidoscope of races and nationalities. For all children to thrive, the basic needs of every young person — from every demographic group — must be met.This report compares 2020 census results to historical data. It explores how the U.S. child population is decreasing in size, increasing in diversity and changing substantially at the state and city levels.Among the changes highlighted in the publication:The nation's child population count fell from 74.2 million in 2010 to 73.1 million in 2020. During this same time-frame, 27 states plus Puerto Rico saw their total child count fall.Children of color are taking up an increasingly larger share of the total child population. These children grew from representing just 26% of all kids in 1980 to 53% in 2020.The total headcount for children of color grew in 46 states plus the District of Columbia, and this statistic grew fastest in three states — Texas, Florida and Washington

Identifying person re-occurrences for personal photo management applications

Automatic identification of "who" is present in individual digital images within a photo management system using only content-based analysis is an extremely difficult problem. The authors present a system which enables identification of person reoccurrences within a personal photo management application by combining image content-based analysis tools with context data from image capture. This combined system employs automatic face detection and body-patch matching techniques, which collectively facilitate identifying person re-occurrences within images grouped into events based on context data. The authors introduce a face detection approach combining a histogram-based skin detection model and a modified BDF face detection method to detect multiple frontal faces in colour images. Corresponding body patches are then automatically segmented relative to the size, location and orientation of the detected faces in the image. The authors investigate the suitability of using different colour descriptors, including MPEG-7 colour descriptors, color coherent vectors (CCV) and color correlograms for effective body-patch matching. The system has been successfully integrated into the MediAssist platform, a prototype Web-based system for personal photo management, and runs on over 13000 personal photos

Scaling in Nonstationary Voltammetry Representations

Despite the widespread use of voltammetry for a range of chemical, biological, environmental, and industrial applications, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the functionality between the applied voltage and the resulting patterns in the current response. This is due to the highly nonlinear relation between the applied voltage and the nonstationary current response, which casts a direct association nonintuitive. In this Article, we focus on large-amplitude/high-frequency ac voltammetry, a technique that has shown to offer increased voltammetric detail compared to alternative methods, to study heterogeneous electrochemical reaction-diffusion cases using a nonstationary time-series analysis, the Hilbert transform, and symmetry considerations. We show that application of this signal processing technique minimizes the significant capacitance contribution associated with rapid voltammetric measurements. From a series of numerical simulations conducted for different voltage excitation parameters as well as kinetic, thermodynamic, and mass transport parameters, a number of scaling laws arise that are related to the underlying parameters/dynamics of the process. Under certain conditions, these observations allow the determination of all underlying parameters very rapidly, experiment duration typically ≤1 s, using standard electrode geometries and without any a priori assumptions regarding their value. The theoretical results derived from this analysis are compared to experiments with an outer-sphere electron-transfer species, Ru(NH_3)_6^(2+/3+), on different electrode materials, and the determined parameters are in excellent agreement with published values

Guidelines for type 2 diabetes: keeping a finger on the pulse

Cardiovascular disease remains the biggest cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.1 Individual drugs from two classes of glucose-lowering agents, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, have been shown in recent clinical trials to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of cardiovascular disease. These new data are reflected in guidelines from several professional associations, but not in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines in the UK.2 We believe that NICE and other national and international health authorities should respond rapidly to new data, particularly when there is potential to improve outcomes and save lives

MediAssist: Using content-based analysis and context to manage personal photo collections

We present work which organises personal digital photo collections based on contextual information, such as time and location, combined with content-based analysis such as face detection and other feature detectors. The MediAssist demonstration system illustrates the results of our research into digital photo management, showing how a combination of automatically extracted context and content-based information, together with user annotation, facilitates efficient searching of personal photo collections

Automatic text searching for personal photos

This demonstration presents the MediAssist prototype system for organisation of personal digital photo collections based on contextual information, such as time and location of image capture, and content-based analysis, such as face detection and recognition. This metadata is used directly for identification of photos which match specified attributes, and also to create text surrogates for photos, allowing for text-based queries of photo collections without relying on manual annotation. MediAssist illustrates our research into digital photo management, showing how a combination of automatically extracted context and content-based information, together with user annotation and traditional text indexing techniques, facilitates efficient searching of personal photo collections

Association Between Renal Failure and Foot Ulcer or Lower-Extremity Amputation in Patients With Diabetes

OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between foot ulcers (DFU) and lower-extremity amputation (LEA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes