Housing Tenure Effects on Child’s Educational Performance in Non-Residential Secondary Schools in Ogun State, Nigeria

This study examined the effects of housing tenure on child’s educational performance in non- residential secondary school system in Ogun State, Nigeria, and it provides vital information to aid families’ optimal decisions on pro-child’s educational performance school accommodation arrangement. The Null hypothesis (H0): there is no significant difference between home owner and non – home owner child’s educational performance in non – residential secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria was tested using , independent sample t-test statistic, and data gathered from two sets of questionnaire consisting of 391 and 170 copies administered to day students and parents respectively in nine selected secondary schools from three local government areas in Ogun State, Nigeria using random sampling technique. Frequency tables, mean item score statistics were also used for descriptive analysis.The study discovered that significant differences exist between home owner and non – home owner child’s educational performance in non – residential secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria with the students from home owner occupied families on one hand performing better (on a 5 points equidistant Likert Scale in which 1 = Very Poor, 2 = Poor, 3 = Average, 4 = Good, and 5 = Very Good, p < 0.001 @ 95% confidence level) in arts subjects (mean score = 4.51), science subjects (mean score = 4.35), and junior secondary school (mean = 3.98) than their colleagues from tenancy occupied homes that scored mean values of 2.31, 3.48, and 3.49 in the same subject areas respectively.  While on the other hand, students from tenancy occupied families performed better (mean score = 4.12) in commercial subjects than their colleagues home owner occupied families that obtained mean score value of 3.26 in the same subject area.This study has presented contextual knowledge on the linkages between child’s educational performance and housing tenure from the outcome of the data analysis, it however, did not consider the quality of school teachers, teaching methods used and the quality of the learning environment all of which could significantly contribute to child’s academic performance. The study expands the frontiers of knowledge on the benefits of home ownership as the findings could enable parents/guardians to relate better with secondary school day students in domestic chores as well as being conscious of the impact of involving day students in family business on academic performance in school. This paper is original and fills a gap in knowledge as it draws for the first time in Nigeria, the attention of parents/guardians to the impact of housing tenure on child’s educational performance especially in specific subject areas. Keywords: Home ownership, Housing Tenure, Child’s Academic Performance, Ogun State Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/DCS/10-12-06 Publication date: December 31st 202

Legitimizing corruption in government: Security votes in Nigeria

ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Utilisation of Postnatal Care among Rural Women in Nepal

Background: Postnatal care is uncommon in Nepal, and where it is available the quality is often poor. Adequate utilisation of postnatal care can help reduce mortality and morbidity among mothers and their babies. Therefore, our study assessed the utilisation of postnatal care at a rural community level. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in two neighbouring villages in early 2006. A total of 150 women who had delivered in the previous 24 months were asked to participate in the study using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The proportion of women who had received postnatal care after delivery was low (34%). Less than one in five women (19%) received care within 48 hours of giving birth. Women in one village had less access to postnatal care than women in the neighbouring one. Lack of awareness was the main barrier to the utilisation of postnatal care. The woman's own occupation and ethnicity, the number of pregnancies and children and the husband's socio-economic status, occupation and education were significantly associated with the utilisation of postnatal care. Multivariate analysis showed that wealth as reflected in occupation and having attended antenatal are important factors associated with the uptake of postnatal care. In addition, women experiencing health problems appear strongly motivated to seek postnatal care. Conclusion: The postnatal care has a low uptake and is often regarded as inadequate in Nepal. This is an important message to both service providers and health-policy makers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the actual quality of postnatal care provided. Also there appears to be a need for awareness-raising programmes highlighting the availability of current postnatal care where this is of sufficient quality

Socioeconomic and physical distance to the maternity hospital as predictors for place of delivery: an observation study from Nepal

BACKGROUND: Although the debate on the safety and women's right of choice to a home delivery vs. hospital delivery continues in the developed countries, an undesirable outcome of home delivery, such as high maternal and perinatal mortality, is documented in developing countries. The objective was to study whether socio-economic factors, distance to maternity hospital, ethnicity, type and size of family, obstetric history and antenatal care received in present pregnancy affected the choice between home and hospital delivery in a developing country. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done during June, 2001 to January 2002 in an administratively and geographically well-defined territory with a population of 88,547, stretching from urban to adjacent rural part of Kathmandu and Dhading Districts of Nepal with maximum of 5 hrs of distance from Maternity hospital. There were no intermediate level of private or government hospital or maternity homes in the study area. Interviews were carried out on 308 women who delivered within 45 days of the date of the interview with a pre-tested structured questionnaire. RESULTS: A distance of more than one hour to the maternity hospital (OR = 7.9), low amenity score status (OR = 4.4), low education (OR = 2.9), multi-parity (OR = 2.4), and not seeking antenatal care in the present pregnancy (OR = 4.6) were statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of home delivery. Ethnicity, obstetric history, age of mother, ritual observance of menarche, type and size of family and who is head of household were not statistically significantly associated with the place of delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The socio-economic standing of the household was a stronger predictor of place of delivery compared to ethnicity, the internal family structure such as type and size of family, head of household, or observation of ritual days by the mother of an important event like menarche. The results suggested that mothers, who were in the low-socio-economic scale, delivered at home more frequently in a developing country like Nepal

Still too far to walk: Literature review of the determinants of delivery service use

BACKGROUND: Skilled attendance at childbirth is crucial for decreasing maternal and neonatal mortality, yet many women in low- and middle-income countries deliver outside of health facilities, without skilled help. The main conceptual framework in this field implicitly looks at home births with complications. We expand this to include "preventive" facility delivery for uncomplicated childbirth, and review the kinds of determinants studied in the literature, their hypothesized mechanisms of action and the typical findings, as well as methodological difficulties encountered. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Ovid databases for reviews and ascertained relevant articles from these and other sources. Twenty determinants identified were grouped under four themes: (1) sociocultural factors, (2) perceived benefit/need of skilled attendance, (3) economic accessibility and (4) physical accessibility. RESULTS: There is ample evidence that higher maternal age, education and household wealth and lower parity increase use, as does urban residence. Facility use in the previous delivery and antenatal care use are also highly predictive of health facility use for the index delivery, though this may be due to confounding by service availability and other factors. Obstetric complications also increase use but are rarely studied. Quality of care is judged to be essential in qualitative studies but is not easily measured in surveys, or without linking facility records with women. Distance to health facilities decreases use, but is also difficult to determine. Challenges in comparing results between studies include differences in methods, context-specificity and the substantial overlap between complex variables. CONCLUSION: Studies of the determinants of skilled attendance concentrate on sociocultural and economic accessibility variables and neglect variables of perceived benefit/need and physical accessibility. To draw valid conclusions, it is important to consider as many influential factors as possible in any analysis of delivery service use. The increasing availability of georeferenced data provides the opportunity to link health facility data with large-scale household data, enabling researchers to explore the influences of distance and service quality

Determinants of health facility utilization for childbirth in rural western Kenya: cross-sectional study

Background: Skilled attendance at delivery is recognized as one of the most important factors in preventing maternal death. However, more than 50% of births in Kenya still occur in non-institutional locations supported by family members and/or traditional birth attendants (TBAs). To improve this situation, a study of the determinants of facility delivery, including individual, family and community factors, was necessary to consider effective intervention in Kenya.Methods: This study was conducted to identify the factors which influence the place of delivery in rural western Kenya, and to recommend ways to improve women\u27s access to skilled attendants at delivery. A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out from August to September 2011 in all 64 sub-locations which were covered by community health workers (CHWs). An interviewer-administered questionnaire on seventeen comprehensive variables was administered to 2,560 women who had children aged 12-24 months.Results: The response rate was 79% (n = 2,026). Of the respondents, 48% of births occurred in a health facility and 52% in a non-institutional location. The significant determinants of facility delivery examined using multivariate analysis were: maternal education level, maternal health knowledge, ANC visits, birth interval, economic status of household, number of household members, household sanitation practices and traveling time to nearest health facility.Conclusions: The results suggest that the involvement of TBAs to promote facility delivery is still one of the most important strategies. Strengthening CHWs\u27 performance by focusing on a limited number of topics and clear management guidance might also be an effective intervention. Stressing the importance of regular attendance at ANC (at least four times) would be effective in enhancing motivation for a facility delivery. Based on our findings, those actions to improve the facility delivery rate should focus more on pregnant women who have a low education level, poor health knowledge and short pregnancy spacing. In addition, women with low economic status, a large number of family members and a long distance to travel to a health facility should also be targeted by further interventions

Application of Markov chain to share price movement in Nigeria (1985–2019)

Abstract The study evaluates the movement of share prices in the Nigerian stock market. Markov chain approach provides a successful analysis and prediction of time-series data (1985–2019) which reflects Markov dependency. The probability $$\alpha$$ α and $$\beta$$ β was estimated, and the expectation of the monthly increase (E(I)) and decrease (E(D)) of the share price index was obtained as 5 months and 3 months, respectively. The steady-state probabilities π1 and π2 were obtained as 0.335 and 0.665, respectively, independent of the initial conditions. The results observed that as the years rolled, the monthly share prices continued to increase due to increased activity in the stock market. In addition, further investigation shows that share price movement and stock market performance influence economic performance. Based on the findings, the Nigerian government and the market authorities should initiate policies that reduce arbitragers' ability to forecast and beat the markets to forestall investors' confidence. Hence, investor property rights protection, discouragement of insider trading, and ensuring that local or domestic investors are enlightened about the stock market and the inherent benefits in Nigeria will enhance stock market efficiency and growth