Penggunaan bakteriofaga untuk terapeksperimental sepsis yang disebabkan salmonellatyphi pada kelincii

ABSTRACT Bacteriophages are viruses which specifically infect bacteria. As natural predator of bacteria, bacteriphage may be useful in treatment of bacterial infections. Previous studies have proved the advantage of bacteriophage for treatment of bacterial infection in animal laboratory or human/patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of bacteriphage for treatment of rabbits infected with Salmonella typhi. Eighteen rabbits were infected with 108cfu/m1S. typhi intravenously. The rabbits then divided into three groups, i.e. the rabbits treated with 10B pfu/ml specific phages for S. typhi, untreated and as control. Each group has rabbits for examining bacterial numbers and for observing the duration of infection. Result showed that the number of S. typhi found in liver, spleen and lung of phage-treated rabbit were much lower than that of untreated rabbit. In conclusion bacteriophaga is effective for giving an experimental sepsis therapy caused by S. typhi in rabbit, bacteriologically. Keywords: bacteriophage, Salmonella typhi, intravenousl

Current in vitro assay to determine bacterial biofilm formation of clinical isolates

Biofilm mode of growth is bacterial lifestyle widespread in microbial world and represents a concernin health care. Recently, serious problem concerning biofilm-related infection is increasing significantly.However complexity of biofilm makes it difficult to conduct proper analysis. Although biofilm representsa major challenge for microbiologist, methods aimed to determine biofilm formation and developmentare not standardized yet. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of the advantagesand disadvantages of the difference in vitro methods for determining biofilm forming ability ofclinical isolates

S. epidermidis : how to turn from commensal to be a pathogen lifestyle

Staphylococcus epidermidis normally is a commensal inhabitant of healthy human skin and mucosa, but also a common nosocomial pathogen in immunocompromised patients, neonates, and patients with indwelling medical devices. To distinguish the pathogen and commensal strain is a big challenge when identifying this agent with its related infection. This mini-review aims to summarize recent research in this area with a special emphasis on the virulence factor of generating genotypic and phenotypic diversity in S. epidermidis. By living between a commensal and pathogen, S. epidermidis needed to establish many strategies to face different clinical environments, including the new ecological niche of biomaterials. In addition, the growing number of immunocompromised patients increased the risk for a very sensitive host. However, further exploration of the relationship between virulence factor and in vivo pathogenesis is still needed. According to the virulence factor of these bacteria, which are considered as a real pathogen, strict control measures should be taken for S. epidermidis infection

STUDI PENDAHULUAN NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA (NTM): PEMBENTUKAN BIOFILM, MOTILITAS GESER, DAN POLA KEPEKAAN ANTIBIOTIK

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) adalah mikrorganisme yang banyak dijumpai di lingkungan, namun, baru-baru ini dianggap patogen karena kejadian infeksinya meningkat secara signifikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan pembentukan biofilm isolat NTM, korelasinya dengan sifat motilitas geser, dan untuk menganalisis pola kepekaan antibiotik. Strain NTM yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah 10 isolat klinis NTM yang diperoleh dari laboratorium TB, Departemen Mikrobiologi, Fakultas Kedokteran UGM Yogyakarta. Kemampuan pembentukan biofilm dideteksi dengan menggunakan uji mikrotiter dan pewarnaan dengan kristal violet 1%. Uji motilitas geser dilakukan pada medium motilitas, terdiri dari 0,3% Middlebrook 7H9-agar tanpa suplemen. Pola kepekaan antibiotik diteliti dengan teknik dilusi sesuai metode CLSI. Dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 7 dari 10 isolat NTM merupakan penghasil biofilm kuat, sementara 1 isolat sebagai strain penghasil biofilm moderat, dan 2 isolat tidak menghasilkan biofilm. Sementara itu, strain pembentuk biofilm mampu melakukan motilitas geser pada agar semisolid, dan 2 isolat NTM yang tidak memiliki kemampuan pembentukan biofilm tidak dapat melakukan motilitas geser. Sifat pembentukan biofilm berkorelasi dengan kemampuan isolat NTM untuk melakukan motilitas geser pada media agar semisolid. Klaritromisin merupakan antibiotik yang paling efektif terhadap isolat NTM yang diuji (poten terhadap 50% isolat uji), diikuti oleh gentamisin (40%), sedangkan kanamisin, levofloxacin, dan ofloxacin menunjukkan tingkat potensi yang sama (30%). Ceftriaxone hanya mampu menghambat pertumbuhan isolat NTM sekitar 20%. Selanjutnya, kotrimoksazol dan amoksisilin memiliki aktivitas in vitro yang buruk terhadap isolat NTM karena tidak ada isolat NTM yang sensitif terhadap kedua antibiotik ini.   Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous organisms commonly found in the environment. However, recently it is considered as emerging global interest since the incidence increase significantly. This study aimed to investigate the biofilm forming ability of NTM isolates, correlated with the sliding motility properties, and to analyze their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. NTM strain included in this study were 10 NTM clinical isolates obtained from TB laboratory, Microbiology Departement, Faculty of Medicine UGM Yogyakarta. Biofilm forming capability was detected by using biofilm development assay in microtiter plate and staining with 1% crystal violet. Sliding motility assay was performed on motility medium, consisting of Middlebrook 7H9- 0.3% agar without supplements. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was investigated by macrobroth dilution technique according to CLSI methods. Our study revealed that 7 out of 10 NTM isolates produced biofilm strongly, while 1 isolate demontrated as moderate biofilm former strain, and the remaining 2 isolates did not produce biofilm on polysterene substrate. Meanwhile, biofilm-former strain are able to slide on semisolid agar, and 2 non-adherent NTM isolates did not have ability to perform sliding motility. A good correlation was found between mycobacterial sliding and biofilm assembly of NTM isolates. Clarithromycin has been shown as the most effective antibiotic against NTM isolates tested, which was active against 50% of all isolates, followed by gentamycin (40%), while kanamycin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin showed the same level of potency (30%). Ceftriaxone was only able to inhibit the growth of NTM isolates about 20%. Furthermore, cotrimoxazole and amoxicillin had poor in vitro activity against NTM species

Analisis Faktor Resiko Sepsis Neonatal terhadap Clinical Outcome di Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

 AbstrakSepsis neonatal merupakan sindrom klinik yang terjadi secara sistemik dari penyakit infeksi yang terjadi pada 4 minggu pertama kehidupan. Sepsis neonatal merupakan urutan ketiga penyebab kematian neonatal, setelah kelahiran prematur dan komplikasi terkait intrapartum (atau asfiksia). Kejadian sepsis neonatal dapat diamati pada bayi yang dilahirkan dengan asfiksia, prematuritas, berat badan lahir rendah, dan faktor-faktor lainnya seperti jenis persalinan, perawatan antenatal yang diterima, pemberian makanan campuran untuk bayi baru lahir, dan perawatan tali pusat diyakini berkontribusi pada insidensi sepsis neonatal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antar faktor resiko terjadinya sepsis neonatal yang dirawat di Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta dengan clinical outcome pasien. Penelitian ini merupakan observasional deskriptif dengan desain cohort retrospective. Data dari rekam medis pasien terdiagnosis sepsis neonatal di Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) RSUP DR.Sardjito Yogyakarta pada periode 1 Januari – 31 Desember 2015. Data yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dikumpulkan dan dicatat, kemudian data dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis bivariat untuk melihat hubungan variabel penelitian dengan clinical oucome. Analisis yang digunakan adalah uji statistik Chi-Square-fisher. Hasil penelitian ini diketahui sepsis neonatus banyak dialami pasien dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki 58,73%; berat badan lahir ≤ 2.500 gram 73,02%; lama perawatan lebih dari 15 hari 55,56%. Hasil uji analisis bivariat uji Chi square-fisher secara statistik tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan clinical outcome (p = 0,695), berat badan lahir dengan clinical outcome (p=0,070), lama rawat inap dengan clinical outcome (p=0,305), infeksi penyerta dengan clinical outcome (p=0,223) dan asfiksia dengan clinical outcome (p=0,559) Kata Kunci: Sepsis neonatal; NICU; Clinical outcom

Bacteriological quality of drinking water and public health inspection of refill depots: finding workable strategies to control the quality

Purpose: Water refill depots have increased in all areas of Indonesia. Many studies have reported concerns about the bacteriological quality of drinking water at refill depots. However, limited studies have focused on ensuring the safety and quality of drinking water in refill depots, particularly for small-scale depots. This paper examines water microbiological quality at the refill depots and their depot production inspections from the local public health authority.Method: This survey used  60% of depots (47 out of 77 depots in the district) from April 4th to May 31st, 2016, in the North Luwu District of Central Sulawesi. Water samples were taken for E. coli and coliform examination. In-depth interviews were conducted with environmental health officers at the local health authority, depot owners, and workers.Results: Almost half of the total depots (49%) failed to meet the hygiene standard. Site observation found that depots were with poor sanitation and poor water handling. Depot owners found the cost of two times a year of the bacteriological examination was too expensive, including the transportation cost of water samples to the available closest laboratory in the provincial capital.Conclusion: Depots with non-standard bacteriological quality were still high. Supervision of the depot by the district health office was very loose. Efforts to advocate the district health office to take a more assertive position are critical. Community organizations and refill water depot associations should be involved so that public health interests get attention from the local government

Antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds isolated from Swietenia mahagoni (L) Jacq. against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Widespread bacterial resistance has led to more difficult to treat infectious diseases with availableantibiotics. Therefore, new antibiotics are needed face of the growing antibiotic resistance. Swieteniamahagoni (L.) Jacq. is one of potential medicinal plants as a source new antibiotics. Five compoundshave been isolated from an ethanolic extract of S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq., however its antimicrobialactivity has not been investigated, yet. This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobialactivity of these compounds. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal BactericidalConcentration (MBC) were determined against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosastrains. Among five compounds tested, compound 3 (3,4,5,6,7-pentaethyl-1-methoxy-1H-indazole)and compound 4 (5-ethyl-6-methoxymethyl-2-methyl-1,2-dihydropyridine) were found to be activeagainst the bactrial strains tested with the MICs and MBCs values ranged from 50 to 100 μg/mL. Inconclusion, among five compounds isolated from S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq., compound 3 and 4showed moderate antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains

THE STUDY OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AT THE CENTRAL JAVA HOSPITAL

Objective: Multidrug-resistance (MDR) is defined as an acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. MDR can be caused by several factors, including the misuse of antibiotics.  Resistance to antibiotics still poses a global challenge, especially in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify patterns of MDR in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at the Central Java Hospital, during the period of January 2014 to December 2015.Methods: The study was conducted using a descriptive retrospective design. The research population comprised of 225 patients. Patient inclusion criteria were neonatal patients treated in NICU ward with infection diagnosis. All patients had culture and sensitivity examinations on their bloods. The culture and sensitivity examinations were performed by microbiology clinicians.Results: The most common infection type was sepsis (60%). The most common bacteria found in the blood specimen of patients in the NICU ward was Gram-negative bacteria with a 72% rate, the other was Gram-positive bacteria. Bacteria which infected patients include; Klebsiellapneumoniaessppneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bulkholderiacepacia, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Enterobactercloacae ssp cloacae, Serratiamarcescens, Staphylococcus haemolyticusand Staphylococcus epidermidis. The research result showed that 97.8% MDR cases were reported in the NICU ward. Antibiotics which were still potent for all bacteria found in NICU patients were tigecycline, meropenem and ciprofloxacin (for Gram-negative bacteria) and tigecycline, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, moxifloksacin and vancomycin (for Gram-positive bacteria).Conclusion: A high percentage of MDR occurred in NICU patients. Sepsis is the most common diagnosis in NICU patients. The usage of third generation antibiotics should be limited and regulated systematically.  Â