N-salicylidene-4-chloroaniline as protector material in preventing corrosion phenomenon in acidic medium / Nurul Amira Mohd Riffin... [et al.]

Corrosion inhibitor was used for protection of metals and alloys in dealing with corrosion problems. Recently, Schiff base ligands have been reported as effective corrosion inhibitors due to the presence of Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, C=N group, and π-bond that can form a covalent bond and help in reducing corrosion rate. This research introduces N-salicylidene-4- chloroaniline as a protector material in preventing corrosion phenomenon (corrosion inhibitor) in our surrounding. The structure of this compound was characterised using CHN elemental analysis, FTIR, 1 HNMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The combination results proved that this compound has C=N group and π-bond, which are good inhibitor properties. The corrosion inhibitor study in 1 M HCl solution was conducted via weight loss method. Results showed that the increase of inhibitor concentration will increase the inhibition efficiency and vice versa to immersion time, where the inhibition efficiency decreases with a longer exposure of mild steel in acidic medium. The conducted experiment shows that the percentage of inhibition efficiency is 80.0% in 78 hours reaction. It showed that the ligand can act as a good corrosion inhibitor in 0.1 M concentration, which slows the corrosion rate on the metal surface

Qualitative risk assessment in V-Blender using Bayesian Network

The development of solid dosage is very important in the production process, especially in powder blending. Moreover, the homogeneity of products can be influenced by the performance of powder blending operations that do not conform to the desired specifications and therapeutic effect as regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may be detrimental to consumers. In addition, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) has also taken initiatives to improve production standards by establishing ICH 9 for Quality Risk Management (QRM). This is why drugs must be manufactured with high quality, safety, and effectiveness to ensure the safety of drug manufacturers as well as consumers. The objective of this research work is to study and investigated the probabilistic relationship between process parameters that can affect the blender performance that led to blending inhomogeneity by using the Qualitative Risk Assessment (QRA) method. QRA method is performed in order to categorize the identification risk level exposed in powder blending with low, medium, and high levels. The method of QRA that has been applied in this study is the Bayesian Network (BN) model. Furthermore, the BN is one of the risk assessment tools that present the parameters and their conditional independence using a directed aversion plot (DAG). The BN was used to verify the process parameters that could cause the failure of blending unit operation are fill level, loading order, blending time, and blending speed. However, from the outcome, the critical process parameters (CPPs) that have a greater risk of affecting homogeneity are a combination of fill level, loading order, and blending speed with 0.62 while the highest probabilities value of failure was a combination of fill volume, loading order and blending time with 0.92. The medium probabilities value of failure was a combination of fill level, blending time, blending speed, and combination of loading order, blending time and blending speed, which was 0.77 and 0.69, respectively. Moreover, it can be concluded that the failure that caused by the related process parameter is 0.75 for a true statement while the false statement is 0.25. This can be concluded that not all of the process parameters can impact the blender operation on the degree of product homogeneity. For further studies, it is possible to address the limitation of the BN in combination with a quantitative risk assessment to confirm the results and minimize the risk of failure by practicing the preventive method

Optimization, kinetics isotherm, and reusability studies of methylene blue dye adsorption using acrylic acid grafted rubber hydrogel

Hydrogel based on liquid natural rubber (LNR) crosslinked with acrylic acid (AAc) was synthesised and applied for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions. The LNR/AAc hydrogel was prepared by free-radical polymerisation using potassium persulfate (KPS) and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the initiator and the crosslinking agent, respectively. The effect of three variables (i.e., AAc:LNR weight ratio, KPS concentration and MBA concentration) on the hydrogel preparation for MB removal was further investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). A quadratic polynomial model with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results yielding R2 value of 0.9833 was consequently obtained. The optimum conditions for the hydrogel preparation were identified as AAc:LNR weight ratio of 2.59 g/g, KPS concentration of 0.08 M and MBA concentrations of 0.08 M and resulting a high percentage of MB removal about 92.57% was obtained. Therefore, the kinetic and isotherm models of MB removal were represented by the pseudo-second order and Freundlich model, respectively, and reusability studies were also investigated resulting in the hydrogel can be used up to four cycles

Characteristics of the Beef Cheek Meat-Based Sausage Added with Snakehead (Channa striata) Gelatin

This study is aimed at determining the functional effect of snakehead fish gelatin as a binder on the characteristics and shelf life of beef cheek-based emulsion sausage compared with bovine commercial gelatin. The level of snakehead fish gelatin used was 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%, while that of bovine commercial gelatin was 2% with a storage time of 0 to 28 days in the refrigerator (4±2° C). Emulsion stability, cooking loss, proximate composition, texture profile, and microstructure of sausage were initially determined before storage; then, observations were made every seven days to determine the shelf life of sausages based on pH, antioxidant activity, and TBA reactivity. Characteristics such as emulsion stability, proximate composition, and texture profile were influenced by the treatment (p 0:05). On the other hand, the pH, TBA reactivity, and antioxidant activity of sausages were not only affected by gelatin level (p < 0:05) but also by storage time (p < 0:05). The sausage microstructure confirms the use of 2% snakehead fish gelatin to make sausages with properties similar to 2% commercial bovine gelatin. The byproduct of the snakehead fish industry can be used as a gelatin alternative to produce sausages. This gelatin has the potential as a binder, which can functionally improve sausage characteristics. This effectiveness can boost the water holding capacity of sausages, although it has not been effective in inhibiting fat oxidation which causes an increase in malonaldehyde levels

The impact of educational intervention on attitude towards organ donation among healthcare workers in five hospitals in Malaysia

Introduction : The attitude of healthcare workers (HCW) are essential in influencing organ donation rates. Objective : The study aimed to assess the impact of educational intervention on attitudes towards organ donation among HCW. Methodology : A questionnaire-based interventional study was conducted among 458 HCW from five hospitals in Malaysia. A 26-item self-administered questionnaire was distributed online as a pre-intervention test. Afterwards, the respondents went through a website-based educative materials about organ donation and answered the same questionnaire again. Results : A total of 345 (75.3%) respondents completed the tests. Their attitude towards organ donation was positive pre-intervention. Following it, respondents expressed increase willingness to donate organs (P = 0.008) and their relatives’ organs (P <0.001); were more willing to adopt organ donation as part of the end-of-life care (P = 0.002) and were more comfortable to talk to relatives about organ donation (P = 0.001). There was increased willingness to admit patients to the Intensive Care unit for facilitating organ donation (P = 0.007); to employ the same resources to maintain a potential brain-dead donor (P <0.001); and to support organ donation if they or their relatives have end-stage organ failure (P = 0.008). However, there was increased negative attitude regarding association between organ donation with healthcare failure (P = 0.004), and with pain (P = 0.003). The positive attitude scores were higher following the intervention (P <0.001). Conclusion : An educational website-based intervention was able to improve HCW attitudes towards organ donation although some potential improvements are required

The Impact of educational intervention on attitude toward organ donation among health care workers in Malaysia

Background. The attitudes of the health care workers (HCWs) are essential in influencing organ donation rate. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of an educational intervention on attitudes toward organ donation among HCWs. Methods. A questionnaire-based interventional study was conducted with 458 HCW from 5 hospitals in Malaysia. A 26-item self-administered questionnaire was distributed online as a pre- intervention test. Respondents then went through website-based educational materials followed by a post-intervention questionnaire. Results. A total of 345 (75.3%) respondents completed the tests. Their attitude toward organ dona- tion was positive preintervention. After the intervention, respondents expressed an increase willingness to donate their own organs (P = .008) and their relatives’ organs (P < .001) after death; were more willing to adopt organ donation as part of end-of-life care (P =.002); were more comfortable talking to relatives about organ donation (P =.001); and expressed an increase consideration to execute the action at any time (P =.001). There was increased willingness to admit to the intensive care unit for facilitating organ donation (P =.007); to employ the same resources to maintain a potential brain-dead donor (P < .001); and to support organ donation in case they or their relatives were diagnosed with end-stage organ failure (P =.008). However, there was an increase in negative attitudes regarding the association between organ donation with health care failure (P =.004) and with pain (P =.003). Posi- tive attitude scores were higher after the intervention (P < .001). Conclusion. An educational website-based intervention was able to improve the attitudes of HCWs toward organ donation

Synthesis of mesoporous alumina nanoparticle using agarose template for lewis acid catalyst

Porous alumina with high surface areas and narrow pore size distribution has wide applications in catalysis, catalyst support, molecular separation and adsorbents. In this study, agarose gel having porous structure was used as template in the preparation of mesoporous alumina. This method was introduced in order to provide an alternative method to design the pore structure of metal oxide having nanosized grains. Four different amount of agarose gel template were used to synthesize this material, i.e. 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 2.0 wt% and 4.0 wt%. The agarose gel was coated with aluminium isopropoxide precursor. The XRD and FTIR results showed that the alumina has ?-phase structure. The alumina obtained from 2 wt% and 4 wt% of agarose gel template exhibits uniform mesopores alumina and the surface properties analyzed using nitrogen adsorption-desorption showed narrowest pore size distribution centered at 7.2 nm with the highest surface area obtained was 308 m2/g. The SEM images of agarose showed sponge-like pore structure while FESEM revealed that the size of granule-like nanoparticles mesoporous alumina decreased by increasing amount of agarose template. TEM proved that the mesoporous alumina particle was successfully obtained with rod-like morphology with average length of 5-7 nm. Lewis Acid site present in mesoporous alumina was confirmed by pyridine- FTIR and catalytic activity of alumina was evaluated in Knoevenagel condensation reaction of benzaldehyde with methyl cyanoacetate and dimethyl malonate separately. The percentage conversion of each reaction was 54% and 47%, respectively compared to uncatalyzed reaction which was 4.0% and 18%, respectively. The low conversion of dimethyl malonate was due to the bulky molecule product entrapped in the pore of alumina surface. The results obtained showed that synthesized mesoporous alumina is capable to catalyze Knoevenagel condensation reaction

Knowledge, attitude and practice on hygiene of Kampung Sungai Karang Darat residents and its related factors November 2003

Introduction: A cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2003 to evaluate the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) level on hygiene of Kampung Sungai Karang Darat residents and its related factors. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study conducted by a group of year four medical students 2003/2004 from Community Health and Family Medicine posting, Kulliyyah of Medicine, IIUM. Data collection methods included observations and interview-guided questionnaires. Out of the total number of 2620 residents, 304 people aged 18 and above from 200 houses which were randomly selected from 600 houses in that village were surveyed on the KAP of hygiene. We then determined the factors that affect the KAP level, and how it in turn influenced the health status of the respondents, particularly their susceptibility towards hygiene-related diseases. Result: From the statistical analysis, it was found that the mean KAP score of the respondents was 26.42+4.15, on a scale that ranged from 0 to 39 with the lowest KAP score of 14 and the highest KAP score of 36. It was then found that the higher the age of the respondents, the lower the KAP score (p<0.001). Higher socioeconomic status was associated with higher KAP score (occupation (p=0.007), academic level (p<0.001), and income per capita (p<0.001)). Malaysians of non-Pahang origin also had higher KAP score compared to residents of Pahang origin (p<0.001). People living in modern houses had a higher KAP value than those living in traditional houses (p<0.001). Housing quality also had effect on the KAP score (r=+0.665). However, the KAP level was not significantly related to gender difference (p=0.162). Personal hygiene had the lowest mean KAP score, followed by domestic hygiene and then community hygiene. Meanwhile, the highest mean low KAP score were found to have no significant preponderance towards hygiene-related diseases (p=0.409) Conclusion: Overall, the KAP level on hygiene of residents of Kampung Sungai Karang Darat was at a satisfactory level