Kemampuan Tumbuhan Terna dalam Menekan Potensi Inokulum Rigidoporus microporus

<p><span lang="EN-US">White root disease caused by <em>Rigidoporus microporus</em> is an important disease of rubber tree and is very difficult to control. The ability of some herbaceous plant species to suppress inoculum potential and infection of <em>R. microporus </em>was studied in a pot trial.  Nine species of herbaceous plants were examined, i.e. arrowroot (<em>Marantha arundinacea</em>), java curcumin (<em>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</em>), sansevieria (<em>Sansevieria fasciata</em>), Mallaca galangal (<em>Alpinia malaccensis</em>), greater galangal (<em>Alpinia galanga</em>), Indian shot (<em>Canna indica</em>), curcumin (<em>Curcuma longa</em>), wild taro (<em>Colocasia esculenta</em>), and water yam (<em>Dioscorea alata</em>). Pathogen’s inocula as mycelial colonizing rubber wood sticks were buried for 90 days in soil planted with tested plants. The results showed that formation of <em>R. microporus </em>rhizomorph in the soil was lower in pots planted with arrowroot, java cucurmin, sansevieria, Indian shot, and wild taro.  All herbaceous plants, except sansevieria, caused suppression of inoculum viability and rhizomorph development.  Further observation showed no colonization of rhizomorph nor necrosis of the root was found, except on Mallaca galangal and sansevieria.</span></p

Distribution of influenza virus types by age using case-based global surveillance data from twenty-nine countries, 1999-2014

BACKGROUND : Influenza disease burden varies by age and this has important public health implications. We compared the proportional distribution of different influenza virus types within age strata using surveillance data from twenty-nine countries during 1999-2014 (N=358,796 influenza cases). METHODS : For each virus, we calculated a Relative Illness Ratio (defined as the ratio of the percentage of cases in an age group to the percentage of the country population in the same age group) for young children (0-4 years), older children (5-17 years), young adults (18-39 years), older adults (40-64 years), and the elderly (65+ years). We used random-effects meta-analysis models to obtain summary relative illness ratios (sRIRs), and conducted metaregression and sub-group analyses to explore causes of between-estimates heterogeneity. RESULTS : The influenza virus with highest sRIR was A(H1N1) for young children, B for older children, A(H1N1) pdm2009 for adults, and (A(H3N2) for the elderly. As expected, considering the diverse nature of the national surveillance datasets included in our analysis, between-estimates heterogeneity was high (I2>90%) for most sRIRs. The variations of countries’ geographic, demographic and economic characteristics and the proportion of outpatients among reported influenza cases explained only part of the heterogeneity, suggesting that multiple factors were at play. CONCLUSIONS : These results highlight the importance of presenting burden of disease estimates by age group and virus (sub)type.Table S1. Number of influenza cases caused by the difference influenza viruses that were included in the analysis. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014.Figure S1. Forest plot of the Relative Illness Ratio for patients aged 0-4 years infected with A(H1N1) influenza virus. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014. Figure S2. Forest plot of the Relative Illness Ratio for patients aged 5-17 years infected with A(H1N1) influenza virus. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014. Figure S3. Forest plot of the Relative Illness Ratio for patients aged 18-39 years infected with A(H1N1) influenza virus. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014. Figure S4. Forest plot of the Relative Illness Ratio for patients aged 40-64 years infected with A(H1N1) influenza virus. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014. Figure S5. Forest plot of the Relative Illness Ratio for patients aged 65+ years infected with A(H1N1) influenza virus. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014.Table S2. Summary Relative Illness Ratio (sRIR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) across age groups and influenza viruses by categories of country ageing index. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999- 2014. Table S3. Summary Relative Illness Ratio (sRIR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) across age groups and influenza viruses by percentage of outpatients among cases reported to the influenza surveillance system. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014. Table S4. Summary Relative Illness Ratio (sRIR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) across age groups and influenza viruses by country latitude. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014. Table S5. Summary Relative Illness Ratio (sRIR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) across age groups and influenza viruses by percentage of influenza cases caused by that influenza virus in the same season. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014. Table S6. Summary Relative Illness Ratio (sRIR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) across age groups and influenza viruses by percentage of influenza cases caused by that influenza virus in the previous season. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014. Table S7. Summary Relative Illness Ratio (sRIR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) across age groups and influenza viruses by categories of country gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The Global Influenza B Study, 1999-2014.The Global Influenza B Study is funded by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur.https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.comam2019Medical Virolog