Student Engagement Interest Group: Preparing Students for the Library and Health Information Workforce

BACKGROUND The purpose of the Network of the National Library of Medicine’s (NNLM) Student Engagement Interest Group (SEIG) is to advance the mission of NNLM by sharing participating regional offices and center\u27s (ROCs) student engagement-related activities and prioritizing those appropriate for national coordination. Additionally, the SEIG prioritizes students, high school age and older, from traditionally marginalized communities and those underrepresented in biomedical research when conducting student engagement activities. Since the creation of the SEIG, the group has explored how NNLM can support students in acquiring experience in a professional setting, gaining access to mentors who can guide them in preparation to enter the library and information workforce and develop knowledge and skills to become better versed in health information resources. DESCRIPTION The SEIG consists of 10 members that meet once a month to identify and develop NNLM-wide strategies and metrics to advance student engagement, implement and evaluate strategies in increasing student engagement across the country, including those from underrepresented populations in biomedical research, and guide the development of programs that enhance skills of students in NLM resources and interest within the health professions, including health sciences librarianship. Some examples the SEIG has discussed for promoting student engagement are sharing project ideas that would benefit the intern or practicum student’s overall experience and support their areas of interest, methods to engage with LIS and iSchool programs to recruit potential students for practicums and internships, and providing opportunities to acquire knowledge and tools for students that may not be able to obtain in their program. CONCLUSIONS The SEIG made great progress in supporting LIS/iSchool students in acquiring knowledge and experiences to better prepare them for the library and information field. This progress led to hosting practicums and internships across several ROCs. For instance, the group collaborated with Region 1 to create a plan on how NNLM can support the University of Kentucky students participating in the Alternative Spring Break. The committee also produced a draft of the student engagement handbook that NNLM ROCs can use as a guide to effectively recruit, host, and provide quality mentorship experiences for students choosing to spend their practicum or internship time with the NNLM program. The handbook is anticipated to be finalized and implemented in the coming year

Impact of a toxic single-use bio-process container film leachable on Chinese hamster ovary cells

A high-throughput cell-based assay (HT-CBA) was developed to investigate the impacts of the polymer films used to construct single-use bio-processing equipment such as bio-process containers (BPCs) and single-use bioreactors (SUBs) on the growth and health of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cell growth media were incubated in BPCs constructed from several different films, and the media thus treated was used to culture CHO cells in 24 deep-well plates. Multiple films negatively impacted culture growth and viability. The compound bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (bDtBPP) which leaches at low levels from these films was shown to be highly detrimental to cell growth. The toxic compound is derived from the breakdown of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite (trade name Irgafos 168®), a common antioxidant additive present in many formulations of polyethylene (one of the polymers commonly used as the fluid contact layer of BPCs). Cell growth experiments with multiple recombinant protein-expressing CHO cell lines show a 50% reduction in culture growth at bDtBPP concentrations below the parts-per-million range for all cell lines. Cell specific productivity was not impacted. Cellular response to bDtBPP is rapid with a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential within minutes of compound spiking. The CHO cells recover growth and health when returned to culture medium free of bDtBPP

An Assessment of Microbial Communities and Their Potential Activities Associated with Oil Producing Environments

Microbial populations have been found in oil-associated environments as early as the 1920s. The proliferation and metabolic activities of these microorganisms can have profound deleterious effects on the infrastructure associated with oil reservoirs, production, transport and storage. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by reservoir microorganisms can lead to the formation of ‘heavy oil’ that is of lower economic value and is more difficult to recover. Some members of reservoir microbial communities also participate in microbial influenced corrosion. By applying modern sequencing technologies, much can be learned about the microorganisms present and their metabolic capabilities. The focus of this dissertation was to provide a comprehensive characterization of microbial communities in two oil production facilities and define their metabolic activity by profiling metabolites of hydrocarbons and sequencing their metagenomes. The most common samples available from oil production facilities are fluids collected at valve openings. These samples are chemically and biologically representative of the bulk fluids at any given location within an oil facility (e.g. pipelines). Microorganisms commonly attach to surfaces and form biofilms that can provide the microbial inhabitants protection from the external environment, allow for localized changes in chemistry, and represent sites of corrosion. Common maintenance of pipelines includes the use of “pigs” which physically disrupt and remove biofilms, corrosion products, and other solids associated with the inner surfaces of a pipeline. Libraries of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were used to compare the microbial communities in bulk fluids from several locations throughout an oil production facility with the community associated with a “pig envelope”, the fluids enriched with solids removed by a pig. The microbial communities in bulk fluids and biofilms of the oil production facility contained only a few taxa. All samples had similar compositions, but different structure (relative abundances of taxa). An estimation of population density based on qPCR of 16S rRNA gene copy number showed that there was a five-fold increase in the number of bacteria in the pig envelope. The numerically abundant taxa were members of the genera Thermoanaerobacter, Thermacetogenium and Thermovirga, which should be studied further to determine their ability to degrade hydrocarbons and influence corrosion. The community structure, genomic potential, and function of microbial assemblages from two oilfields under different management practices were characterized to measure their potential for hydrocarbon biodegradation. High throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was combined with shotgun metagenomic sequencing and a targeted environmental metabolomics survey to interrogate two oil production facilities. The genomic potential for the abundant taxa was thoroughly interrogated for currently known pathways for hydrocarbon metabolism. Several sequences were identified that are closely related to known hydrocarbon degradation genes; however, there is no conclusive evidence that directly links these taxa and the hydrocarbon metabolites that were identified. The presence of microorganisms and putative signature metabolites in oil-associated environments suggests hydrocarbon degradation is occurring. Hydrocarbon degradation causes souring and ‘heavy oil’ which is harder to extract and of less value. Additionally, when microorganisms are identified in close association with corroded surfaces, they are potentially implicated as participating in surface corrosion. In order to directly associate a particular microorganism with a specific activity, there is still a need for controlled experiments. A better understanding of the microorganisms and their activities in oil production facilities will lead to improved monitoring and mitigation for the future

Development of the ACTIVE framework to describe stakeholder involvement in systematic reviews

Objectives Involvement of patients, health professionals, and the wider public (‘stakeholders’) is seen to be beneficial to the quality, relevance and impact of research and may enhance the usefulness and uptake of systematic reviews. However, there is a lack of evidence and resources to guide researchers in how to actively involve stakeholders in systematic reviews. In this paper we report the development of the ACTIVE framework to describe how stakeholders are involved in systematic reviews. Methods We developed a framework using methods previously described in the development of conceptual frameworks relating to other areas of public involvement, including: literature searching, data extraction, analysis, and categorisation. A draft ACTIVE framework was developed and then refined after presentation at a conference workshop, before being applied to a series of example systematic reviews. Data extracted from 32 systematic reviews, identified in a systematic scoping review, were categorised against pre-defined constructs, including: who was involved, how stakeholder were recruited, the mode of involvement, at what stage there was involvement and the level of control or influence. Results The final ACTIVE framework described whether patients, carers and/or families, and/or other stakeholders (including health professionals, health decision makers and funders) were involved. We defined: recruitment as either open or closed; the approach to involvement as either onetime, continuous or combined; and the method of involvement as either direct or indirect. The stage of involvement in reviews was defined using the Cochrane Ecosystem stages of a review. The level of control or influence was defined according to the roles and activities of stakeholders in the review process, and described as the ACTIVE continuum of involvement. Conclusions The ACTIVE framework provides a structure with which to describe key components of stakeholder involvement within a systematic review, and we have used this to summarise how stakeholders have been involved in a subset of varied systematic reviews. The ACTIVE continuum of involvement provides a new model that uses tasks and roles to detail the level of stakeholder involvement. This work has contributed to the development of learning resources aimed at supporting systematic review authors and editors to involve stakeholders in their systematic reviews. This framework may support the decision-making of systematic review authors in planning how to involve stakeholders in future review

Ischaemic stroke, haemorrhage and mortality in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease newly started on anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation: a population-based study from UK primary care

Objective To assess the association between anticoagulation, ischaemic stroke, gastrointestinal and cerebral haemorrhage, and all cause mortality in older people with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease. Design Propensity matched, population based, retrospective cohort analysis from January 2006 through December 2016. Setting The Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre database population of almost 2.73 million patients from 110 general practices across England and Wales. Participants Patients aged 65 years and over with a new diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <50 mL/min/1.73m2, calculated using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration creatinine equation. Patients with a previous diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or receiving anticoagulation in the preceding 120 days were excluded, as were patients requiring dialysis and recipients of renal transplants. Intervention Receipt of an anticoagulant prescription within 60 days of atrial fibrillation diagnosis. Main outcome measures Ischaemic stroke, cerebral or gastrointestinal haemorrhage, and all cause mortality. Results 6977 patients with chronic kidney disease and newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation were identified, of whom 2434 were on anticoagulants within 60 days of diagnosis and 4543 were not. 2434 pairs were matched using propensity scores by exposure to anticoagulant or none and followed for a median of 506 days. The crude rates for ischaemic stroke and haemorrhage were 4.6 and 1.2 after taking anticoagulants and 1.5 and 0.4 in patients who were not taking anticoagulant per 100 person years, respectively. The hazard ratios for ischaemic stroke, haemorrhage, and all cause mortality for those on anticoagulants were 2.60 (95% confidence interval 2.00 to 3.38), 2.42 (1.44 to 4.05), and 0.82 (0.74 to 0.91) compared with those who received no anticoagulation. Conclusion Giving anticoagulants to older people with concomitant atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease was associated with an increased rate of ischaemic stroke and haemorrhage but a paradoxical lowered rate of all cause mortality. Careful consideration should be given before starting anticoagulants in older people with chronic kidney disease who develop atrial fibrillation. There remains an urgent need for adequately powered randomised trials in this population to explore these findings and to provide clarity on correct clinical management

Labels and descriptions of dental behaviour support techniques: A scoping review of clinical practice guidelines

Introduction: There is no agreed taxonomy of the techniques used to support patients to receive professional oral healthcare. This lack of specification leads to imprecision in describing, understanding, teaching and implementing behaviour support techniques in dentistry (DBS). Methods: This review aims to identify the labels and associated descriptors used by practitioners to describe DBS techniques, as a first step in developing a shared terminology for DBS techniques. Following registration of a protocol, a scoping review limited to Clinical Practice Guidelines only was undertaken to identify the labels and descriptors used to refer to DBS techniques. Results: From 5317 screened records, 30 were included, generating a list of 51 distinct DBS techniques. General anaesthesia was the most commonly reported DBS (n = 21). This review also explores what term is given to DBS techniques as a group (Behaviour management was most commonly used (n = 8)) and how these techniques were categorized (mainly distinguishing between pharmacological and non‐pharmacological). Conclusions: This is the first attempt to generate a list of techniques that can be selected for patients and marks an initial step in future efforts at agreeing and categorizing these techniques into an accepted taxonomy, with all the benefits this brings to research, education, practice and patients

Metabolic Capability and Phylogenetic Diversity of Mono Lake during a Bloom of the Eukaryotic Phototroph Picocystis sp. Strain ML

Algal blooms in lakes are often associated with anthropogenic eutrophication; however, they can occur without the human introduction of nutrients to a lake. A rare bloom of the alga Picocystis sp. strain ML occurred in the spring of 2016 at Mono Lake, a hyperalkaline lake in California, which was also at the apex of a multiyear-long drought. These conditions presented a unique sampling opportunity to investigate microbiological dynamics and potential metabolic function during an intense natural algal bloom. We conducted a comprehensive molecular analysis along a depth transect near the center of the lake from the surface to a depth of 25 m in June 2016. Across sampled depths, rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Picocystis-associated chloroplasts were found at 40 to 50% relative abundance, greater than values recorded previously. Despite high relative abundances of the photosynthetic oxygenic algal genus Picocystis, oxygen declined below detectable limits below a depth of 15 m, corresponding with an increase in microorganisms known to be anaerobic. In contrast to previously sampled years, both metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data suggested a depletion of anaerobic sulfate-reducing microorganisms throughout the lake's water column. Transcripts associated with photosystem I and II were expressed at both 2 m and 25 m, suggesting that limited oxygen production could occur at extremely low light levels at depth within the lake. Blooms of Picocystis appear to correspond with a loss of microbial activity such as sulfate reduction within Mono Lake, yet microorganisms may survive within the sediment to repopulate the lake water column as the bloom subsides

Metabolic Capability and Phylogenetic Diversity of Mono Lake during a Bloom of the Eukaryotic Phototroph Picocystis sp. Strain ML

Algal blooms in lakes are often associated with anthropogenic eutrophication; however, they can occur without the human introduction of nutrients to a lake. A rare bloom of the alga Picocystis sp. strain ML occurred in the spring of 2016 at Mono Lake, a hyperalkaline lake in California, which was also at the apex of a multiyear-long drought. These conditions presented a unique sampling opportunity to investigate microbiological dynamics and potential metabolic function during an intense natural algal bloom. We conducted a comprehensive molecular analysis along a depth transect near the center of the lake from the surface to a depth of 25 m in June 2016. Across sampled depths, rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Picocystis-associated chloroplasts were found at 40 to 50% relative abundance, greater than values recorded previously. Despite high relative abundances of the photosynthetic oxygenic algal genus Picocystis, oxygen declined below detectable limits below a depth of 15 m, corresponding with an increase in microorganisms known to be anaerobic. In contrast to previously sampled years, both metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data suggested a depletion of anaerobic sulfate-reducing microorganisms throughout the lake's water column. Transcripts associated with photosystem I and II were expressed at both 2 m and 25 m, suggesting that limited oxygen production could occur at extremely low light levels at depth within the lake. Blooms of Picocystis appear to correspond with a loss of microbial activity such as sulfate reduction within Mono Lake, yet microorganisms may survive within the sediment to repopulate the lake water column as the bloom subsides