Transition nutritionnelle et facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires au Bénin : étude dans la ville secondaire de Ouidah et sa périphérie rurale

Ce travail a été réalisé avec l'appui du Centre Collaborateur de l'OMS sur la Transition Nutritionnelle et le Développement (TRANSNUT) de l'Université de Montréal, en collaboration avec deux parténaires du Bénin: l'Institut de Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA) de Cotonou et l'Institut Régional de Santé Publique de Ouidah.L’étude visait à décrire la transition nutritionnelle et ses liens avec des facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) dans une ville secondaire du Bénin et dans ses environs ruraux, puis de comparer à cet égard, les habitants de la petite ville avec ceux du milieu rural et de la métropole. Les sujets de 25 à 60 ans (n = 541), apparemment en bonne santé, ont été aléatoirement sélectionnés dans la petite ville de Ouidah (n = 171), sa périphérie rurale (n = 170) et dans la métropole Cotonou (n = 200). Les apports alimentaires et l’activité physique ont été cernés par trois rappels de 24 heures. Les données socioéconomiques ont été recueillies par questionnaire. La qualité de l’alimentation a été évaluée par un score de diversité alimentaire, un score d’adéquation en micronutriments et un score de prévention contre les maladies chroniques. Des mesures anthropométriques et de composition corporelle ont été prises. La tension artérielle a été mesurée. Des échantillons sanguins ont été prélevés pour déterminer le profil lipidique à l’aide du sérum et la glycémie à jeun plasmatique. La transition alimentaire était plus poussée dans la métropole que dans la petite ville et le milieu rural, et elle était marquée par des apports plus importants en viande, produits laitiers, œufs, légumes et huiles, mais plus faibles en céréales, poisson, légumineuses, fruits et fibres. La diversité alimentaire y était plus élevée, mais l’adéquation en micronutriments et la prévention étaient plus faibles que dans les autres sites. Il n’y avait pas de différences majeures entre le milieu rural et la petite ville pour la consommation et la qualité alimentaire. L’influence du niveau socioéconomique sur l’alimentation et sa qualité était surtout marquée dans la métropole. Un gradient positif du milieu rural vers la petite ville et la métropole a été observé pour l’obésité générale (8,8%; 12,3%; 18%, p = 0,031) et abdominale (28,2%, 41,5%, 52,5%; P<0,001) et pour le syndrome métabolique (4,1% ; 6,4% ; 11%; P = 0,035) d’après les critères de la Fédération Internationale de Diabète. La fréquence de tension artérielle élevée [TAE] (24,1% ; 21,6% et 26,5%, respectivement pour le milieu rural, la petite ville et la métropole), bien qu’importante, n’était pas significativement différente selon les sites. Le HDL-cholestérol bas était moins fréquent dans la petite ville (18,1%) par rapport au milieu rural (25,3%) et à la métropole (37,5%). L’activité physique, plus importante en milieu rural et en petite ville que dans la métropole, était protectrice contre des valeurs élevées d’IMC (ß = -0,145 ; p<0,01), de tour de taille (ß = -0,156 ; p<0,001), de tension systolique (ß = -0,134 ; p<0,01) et diastolique (ß = -0,112, p<0,01), et de triglycérides (ß = -0,098 ; p<0,05). La consommation de légumes était négativement et indépendamment associée à la tension artérielle diastolique (ß = -0,129, p<0,01), alors que celle de poisson était positivement associée au HDL-cholestérol (ß = 0,168 ; p<0,01). L’adéquation en micronutriments était positivement associée au HDL-cholestérol (ß = 0,144; p<0,01) et à un moindre risque de tension artérielle élevée (OR = 0,46 ; IC 95% : 0,26-0,84). L’étude a confirmé l’existence d’un plus grand risque de MCV avec l’urbanisation, un stade plus avancé de transition alimentaire et un mode de vie sédentaire. Ce risque pourrait être réduit par la promotion d’un mode de vie plus actif associé à des apports plus adéquats en micronutriments et une consommation élevée de poisson et de légumes. ////The purpose of this study was to describe the nutrition transition and its links with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a small-size city of Benin and its rural outskirts, and to compare in this regard, the small-size city and the rural area with the major city. A sample of 541 apparently healthy subjects aged 25-60 years was randomly selected from Ouidah, a small-size city of Benin (n = 171), the rural outskirts of Ouidah (n = 170), and Cotonou, the major city (n= 200). Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed with three non consecutives 24-hour recalls. Socioeconomic data were collected by questionnaire. Dietary quality was assessed using a dietary diversity score, a micronutrient adequacy score and a healthfulness score. Blood pressure was measured. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Blood samples were collected to determine serum lipid profile and plasma glucose. A more advanced stage of dietary transition was observed in the major city, which was characterised by higher intakes of meat, milk products, eggs, vegetables and oils, but lower intakes of cereal, fish, legumes, fruit and fibre than the small-size city and the rural area. Dietary diversity was higher in the major city, while micronutrient adequacy and healthfulness scores were lower compared to the small city and the rural area. There was no significant difference in diet and diet quality scores between the small-size city and the rural area. Socioeconomic factors had a strong influence on diet and its quality in the major city. A positive gradient from the rural area to the small-size city to the major city was observed in the prevalence of overall obesity (18%, 12.3%, 8.8%, p = 0.031), abdominal obesity (28.2%, 41.5%, 52.5%; P<0,001) and the metabolic syndrome (4.1%; 6.4%; 11%; p = 0.035) according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure was high, but did not differ across sites (24.1%, 21.6%, 26.5% for rural, small-size city and major city, respectively). The prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol was lower in the small-city (18.1%) compared to the rural area (25.3%) and the major city (37.5%), while fasting plasma glucose was more highly prevalent in the small city (14.6%) and the rural area (10%) compared to the major city (4%). Elevated triglycerides were uncommon. Physical activity was higher in the rural area and small-size city than in the major city, and it was protective against elevated body mass index (ß = -0.145; p<0.01), waist circumference (ß = -0.156; p<0.001), systolic (ß = -0.134; p<0.01) and diastolic (ß = -0.112, p<0.01) blood pressure, and triglycerides (ß = -0,098; p<0,05). Vegetable intakes were negatively and independently associated with diastolic blood pressure, while fish intake was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol. Micronutrient adequacy score was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol (ß = 0,144; p<0,01) and with a lower likelihood of high blood pressure (OR = 0.46; CI 95%: 0.26-0.84). The study confirmed a higher CVD risk with urbanization, advanced stage of dietary transition and a sedentary lifestyle. This risk could be curtailed by improving micronutrient adequacy and increasing vegetables and fish consumption, and by promoting an active lifestyle

On-farm diversity and market participation are positively associated with dietary diversity of rural mothers in southern Benin, west Africa

OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study is to test the extent to which, under different opportunities for market participation, the diversity of plant species rural households grow or collect (on-farm diversity), and the variety of foods mothers purchase (market diversity) are associated with their dietary diversity. METHODS:Rural households from three districts in southern Benin were interviewed during dry (n = 472) and wet (n = 482) seasons between 2011 and 2012. Villages within districts and their households were selected randomly according to market accessibility, with a mother selected from each household. Information on on-farm diversity was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Market diversity was obtained through a 7-day food frequency questionnaire that elicited if foods were purchased. Dietary diversity was derived from a quantitative 24-hour food recall. A system of three simultaneous equations via a Generalized Methods of Moments was estimated to address potential endogeneity between dietary diversity and on-farm diversity and market diversity. RESULTS:Results show rich on-farm diversity with more than 65 different edible plant species grown or collected by households. More than 70% of foods consumed by mothers were purchased in 55 market places. More than 50% of mothers met minimum dietary diversity with at least 5 food groups consumed. Diagnostic tests indicated the existence of endogeneity. Econometric results showed that on-farm and market diversities were positively associated with mothers' dietary diversity (p < 0.05) once market opportunities, seasonality and other socioeconomic factors were controlled for. CONCLUSION:Results provide evidence of a positive relationship between on-farm diversity and dietary diversity among participant mothers. They demonstrate the important contribution of market diversity to their dietary diversity. Links among these three facets of diversity suggest that production for self-consumption and food purchases complement rather than replace each other in their contribution to dietary diversity and thus dietary quality

Dietary diversity predicts the adequacy of micronutrient intake in 6- to 23-month-old children regardless of the season in rural Southern Benin

Background: The Infants and Young Children Dietary Diversity Score (IYC-DDS-7) has been validated to assess dietary quality in children. However, its applicability to predict the adequacy of micronutrient intake remains a challenge in all contexts. Design and Methods: A 24-hour dietary recall assessment was conducted on a sample of 628 children aged 6 to 23 months in the plenty season (PS) as well as in the lean season (LS). The IYC-DDS-7 was calculated based on 7 food groups, whereas the mean micronutrient density adequacy (MMDA) for 11 micronutrients. The β regression models were used to assess the relationship between IYC-DDS and MMDA and differences in nutrient intake between the 2 seasons. A receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was also performed to determine IYC-DDS-7 cutoff levels that maximized sensitivity and specificity in assessing dietary quality and predicting MMDA below- or above-selected cutoff levels. Results: Participating children’s MMDA was 56.9% ± 12.8% versus 61.9% ± 8.6% and IYC-DDS-7 was 3.43 ± 1.5 versus 3.77 ± 1.0 in the PS and LS. The IYC-DDS-7 had a positive correlation with MMDA, irrespective of the season. For a 1-unit increase in IYC-DDS-7, MMDA increased by a mean of 10.7% (CI, 8.3%-13.1%; P < .001). The minimum threshold of the 4 food groups corresponded to a sensitivity of 76% and 61% and a specificity of 75% and 70% for the prediction of inadequate diet in the PS and LS, respectively. Conclusions: The IYC-DDS-7 predicted MMDA, regardless of seasons for infants and young children. The IYC-DDS-7 cutoff of 4 groups performed well in classifying children with low-diet quality

Local knowledge of agricultural biodiversity and food uses of edible plant species in two agroecological zones of southern Benin

Locally available food plants are not only a good source of essential micronutrients but also provided culturally acceptable foods. Their evaluation could be a sustainable strategy that can effectively meet the nutrient requirements for vulnerable groupsin rural areas. They are therefore of great importance in ensuring food security in low-and middle-income countries. Several communities in Benin depend mainly on indigenous food sources especially plant species. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in southern Benin to document the edible plant species (EPS) used by people living in two agroecological zones (AEZ 6 and AEZ 8). Field investigations were carried out in eight villages of the two agroecological zones, with four villages per agroecological zone. Data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 146 edible plant species belonging to 46 families were recorded and herbarium specimens were collected and deposited at the national herbarium of Benin. Species diversity was lower in AEZ 6 compared with AEZ 8. Herbs and shrubs were the dominant plant habits, with leaves and fruits (arils, flesh, pulp) as the most reported plant parts that were consumed mainly as leafy vegetables or fruits. The study area harbors an important plant diversity with high nutritional potential. Nutrient-dense leafy vegetables and fruit species were dominant. This represents an opportunity that could be used to improve the diet quality and food security in the study area. However, the locally available food plant species remain undervalued

Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets

Biodiversity is key for human and environmental health. Available dietary and ecological indicators are not designed to assess the intricate relationship between food biodiversity and diet quality. We applied biodiversity indicators to dietary intake data from and assessed associations with diet quality of women and young children. Data from 24-hour diet recalls (55% in the wet season) of n = 6,226 participants (34% women) in rural areas from seven lowand middle-income countries were analyzed. Mean adequacies of vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron, and zinc and diet diversity score (DDS) were used to assess diet quality. Associations of biodiversity indicators with nutrient adequacy were quantified using multilevel models, receiver operating characteristic curves, and test sensitivity and specificity. A total of 234 different species were consumed, of which < 30% were consumed in more than one country. Nine specieswere consumed in all countries and provided, on average, 61% of total energy intake and a significant contribution of micronutrients in the wet season. Compared with Simpson's index of diversity and functional diversity, species richness (SR) showed stronger associations and better diagnostic properties with micronutrient adequacy. For every additional species consumed, dietary nutrient adequacy increased by 0.03 (P < 0.001). Diets with higher nutrient adequacy were mostly obtained when both SR and DDS were maximal. Adding SR to the minimum cutoff for minimum diet diversity improved the ability to detect diets with higher micronutrient adequacy in women but not in children. Dietary SR is recommended as the most appropriate measure of food biodiversity in diets

Diversity of plant species grown and collected by HHs (OFD)¹.

<p>Diversity of plant species grown and collected by HHs (OFD)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0162535#t003fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

Lifestyle and Dietary Factors Associated with the Evolution of Cardiometabolic Risk over Four Years in West-African Adults: The Benin Study

Aim. To assess in adults from Benin changes in cardiometabolic risk (CMR) using both the Framingham risk score (FRS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to examine the effects of diet, and lifestyles, controlling for location and socioeconomic status. Methods. Apparently healthy subjects (n=541) aged 25–60 years and randomly selected in the largest city, a small town, and rural areas were included in the four-year longitudinal study. Along with CMR factors, socioeconomic, diet and lifestyle data were collected in individual interviews. A food score based on consumption frequency of four “sentinel” food groups (meat and poultry, dairy, eggs, and vegetables) was developed. Lifestyle included physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use. Education and income (proxy) were the socioeconomic variables. Results. Among the subjects with four-year follow-up data (n=416), 13.5% were at risk at baseline, showing MetS or FRS ≥ 10%. The incidence of MetS and FRS ≥ 10% during follow-up was 8.2% and 5%, respectively. CMR deteriorated in 21% of subjects. Diet and lifestyle mediated location and income effects on CMR evolution. Low food scores and inactivity increased the likelihood of CMR deterioration. Conclusion. Combining MetS and FRS might be appropriate for surveillance purposes in order to better capture CMR and inform preventive measures

Conceptual model of the relationships among on-farm, dietary and market diversities.

<p>Conceptual model of the relationships among on-farm, dietary and market diversities.</p

Diversity of foods consumed by mothers and their sources¹.

<p>Diversity of foods consumed by mothers and their sources<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0162535#t004fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

Definition of variables used in the econometric model.

<p>Definition of variables used in the econometric model.</p