Caracteristicas e aplicações dos Glicosaminoglicanos: uso de subprodutos da indústria de alimentos/ Characteristics and applications of glycosaminoglycans: use of by-products of the food industry

Os glicosaminoglicanos (GAG´s) são polissacarídeos aniônicos, lineares, compostos basicamente por hexosamina, ácido urônico e galactose. São eles o sulfato de condroitina (CS), sulfato de dermatana (DS), ácido hialurônico (HA), sulfato de queratana (KS), heparina (HE) e sulfato de heparana (HS). A diferença de densidade de cargas negativas e o grau de sulfatação determinam suas propriedades estruturais e biológicas. As propriedades terapêuticas dos GAG´s estão correlacionadas com sua capacidade de se ligar as proteínas. Os GAG´s sulfatados têm sido amplamente utilizados como anticoagulantes, com destaque para a heparina (HE). Diversos estudos também apontam para atividades regenerativa, antiviral, antiproliferativa e anti-inflamatória. A crescente demanda por GAG´s está impulsionando uma série de pesquisas para a descoberta de novas fontes de isolamento. Os subprodutos da indústria de alimentos são uma potencial fonte para obtenção de glicosaminoglicanos

Características físicas e sensoriais de Salame Tipo Italiano com adição de própolis

In this study, four formulations of Italian-type salami were prepared, being one antioxidant free (control), one containing synthetic antioxidant (BHT) and two containing propolis extract (0.01% and 0.05%). The samples were submitted to microbiological and sensorial analyses and texture and color profiles, besides the weight loss and the pH during the maturation period. The results showed weight loss of the formulations during maturation, indicating that the incorporation of propolis did not affect the drying process. The formulation with 0.01% propolis showed a more intense red color at the end of maturation compared with the others. The pH values varied between some samples as well as in relation to the maturation day. The addition of BHT accelerated the dehydration process of salami at the end of the maturation period, making it harder. The control formulations and that with 0.05% propolis added showed better results for the texture profile, although they did not differ from the others in relation to the texture during the sensorial test. The control formulation and that containing BHT showed the best results for purchase intent and preference. Moreover, all formulations presented certainty percentage of purchase above 70%, suggesting acceptance by consumers.No presente estudo foram elaboradas quatro formulações de salame tipo italiano, sendo uma isenta de antioxidante (controle), uma adicionada de antioxidante sintético (BHT) e duas contendo extrato de própolis (0,01% e 0,05%). As amostras foram submetidas a análises microbiológicas, sensoriais e perfil de textura e cor, além da perda de peso e o pH durante o período de maturação. Os resultados mostraram perda de peso das formulações durante a maturação, indicando que a incorporação da própolis não afetou o processo de secagem. A formulação adicionada de 0,01% de própolis apresentou coloração vermelha mais acentuada no final da maturação em comparação as demais. Os valores de pH variaram entre algumas amostras, bem como em relação ao dia de maturação. A adição de BHT acelerou o processo de desidratação do salame, deixando-o com maior grau de dureza. As formulações controle e aquela adicionada de 0,05% de própolis apresentaram melhores resultados para o perfil de textura, embora não tenham diferido das demais em relação ao atributo textura durante o teste sensorial. A formulação controle e a contendo BHT apresentaram os melhores resultados para intenção de compra e preferência. Por outro lado, todas as formulações apresentaram percentuais de certeza de compra acima de 70%, sugerindo aceitação por parte dos consumidores

Toxicological and pharmacological studies of Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engler (Simaroubaceae) in mice and rats

Se investigó la toxicidad, actividad anti-inflamatória, anti-úlcera, anti-hiperglucemiante, hipoglucemiante y anti-hiperlipidémica del extracto hidroalcohólico de tallo (sin corteza) de Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engler (Simaroubaceae). El extracto presentó baja toxicidad en ratones. Además, de acuerdo al uso popular de esta espécie en el tratamiento de la gastritis y de la diabetes mellitus, se observo um efecto anti-úlcera e hipoglucemiante en ratas. Sin embargo, no fue observado ningún efecto anti-inflamatório, anti-hiperglucémico ni anti-hiperlipidámico en estos animales.The toxicity and the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract from woods (without bark) of Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engler (Simaroubaceae) were investigated. The extract showed low toxicity in mice. Additionally, in agreement with the popular use to treat gastric ulcer and diabetes, anti-ulcer and blood glucose lowering effect were detected in rats. However, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects were not observed in these animals.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Toxicological and Pharmacological Studies of Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engler (Simaroubaceae) in Mice and Rats

SUMMARY. The toxicity and the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract from woods (without bark) of Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engler (Simaroubaceae) were investigated. The extract showed low toxicity in mice. Additionally, in agreement with the popular use to treat gastric ulcer and diabetes, anti-ulcer and blood glucose lowering effect were detected in rats. However, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects were not observed in these animals. RESUMEN. "Estudios Toxicológicos y Farmacológicos de Pricrasma crenata (Vell.) Engler (Simaroubaceae) en ratones y ratas". Se investigó la toxicidad, actividad anti-inflamatória, anti-úlcera, anti-hiperglucemiante, hipoglucemiante y anti-hiperlipidémica del extracto hidroalcohólico de tallo (sin corteza) de Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engler (Simaroubaceae). El extracto presentó baja toxicidad en ratones. Además, de acuerdo al uso popular de esta espécie en el tratamiento de la gastritis y de la diabetes mellitus, se observo um efecto anti-úlcera e hipoglucemiante en ratas. Sin embargo, no fue observado ningún efecto anti-inflamatório, anti-hiperglucémico ni anti-hiperlipidámico en estos animales. INTRODUCTION Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engl. (Simaroubaceae) is a Brazilian tree used in the traditional medicine to treat diabetes and gastric ulcers 1 . Phytochemical investigation of Picrasma crenata (PC) obtained quassinoids, alkaloids, quinones, phenylpropanoids and lignanes 2 . In addition, we previously demonstrated the presence of a new stereoisomer, i.e., dihydronorneoquassim 3 . Some quassinoids received renewed attention based on their anti-cancer 4-5 and anti-ulcer 6 and apoptotic activity 7 . Since studies suggesting toxicity, anti-ulcer and anti-diabetic properties of the hydroalcoholic extract of dried wood without bark from PC were not demonstrated we decided to investigate these aspects. Thus, employing mice as experimental model, we determined the toxicity of PC. In addition, we expanded this study investigating the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic potential of PC

Thiophene Derivatives with Antileishmanial Activity Isolated from Aerial Parts of Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.

Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. is a plant native to Brazil and in the northwest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, aerial parts of P. ruderale have been used popularly in the treatment of lesions caused by Leishmania sp.. In this study the antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of the crude extract, fractions, and isolated compounds from aerial parts of P. ruderale was evaluated. The dichloromethane extract was submitted to chromatography to yield compounds active against Leishmania amazonensis. Their structures were established by comparison of their spectroscopic data with literature values. The activities of crude extract against promastigote and axenic amastigote forms of L. amazonensis (IC50) were 60.3 and 77.7 μg/mL, respectively. Its cytotoxic activity against macrophage cells (CC50) was 500 μg/mL. The thiophene derivatives isolated were: 5-methyl-2,2\u27:5\u27,2"-terthiophene (compound A) and 5\u27-methyl–[5–(4–acetoxy-1–butynyl)]–2,2\u27-bithiophene (compound B). The activity of compound A against promastigote and axenic amastigote forms were 7.7 and 19.0 μg/mL and of compound B were 21.3 and 28.7 μg/mL, respectively. The activity of the isolated compounds against promastigote and axenic amastigote forms was better than that of the crude extract and more selective against protozoa than for macrophage cells

Adição de própolis ou monensina sódica sobre digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca em dietas 50:50% volumoso:concentrado e 100% volumoso Addition of propolis or monensin sodium on dry matter in vitro digestibility

Objetivou-se avaliar o produto LLOS, à base de própolis, em quatro concentrações de própolis (A, B, C e D; onde A é menos concentrada e D é a mais concentrada) e três teores alcoólicos (1, 2 e 3, onde 1 foi menos concentrado e 3 é o mais concentrado), sobre a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) de dietas 50% volumoso e 50% concentrado e 100% volumoso. Foi utilizada a técnica de DIVMS de um estágio. Para análises estatísticas foi utilizado o sistema STATISTICA, no procedimento GLM. Foram utilizados testes de contraste a 5% e o teste de Tukey a 5%. Os maiores coeficientes de DIVMS das dietas com 50:50% de volumoso:concentrado foram para as seguintes combinações do produto LLOS: concentração C em álcool 1 (LLOSC1; 57,37%), concentração D em álcool 1 (LLOSD1; 56,41%), concentração A em álcool 2 (LLOSA2; 56,03%) e concentração C em álcool 3 (LLOSC3; 56,04%). Os maiores coeficientes de DIVMS com 100% de Feno de Tifton foram para os produtos LLOS: concentração B em álcool 3 (LLOSB3; 49,09%), concentração C em álcool 1 (LLOSC1; 45,49%) e concentração C em álcool 2 (LLOSC2; 41,50%). Para as rações com 50% ou 100% de volumoso observaram-se valores superiores (P&lt;0,05) ou semelhantes às dietas monensina e controle. A liberação da substância ativa atuante no aumento de valores da DIVMS não é diretamente proporcional ao aumento da concentração de própolis e teor alcoólico, sendo mais atuante em combinações com teor médio de flavonóides totais em crisina.<br>The objective was to evaluate the LLOS products, based in propolis, in four propolis concentrations (A, B, C and D – A is less concentrated and D is the most concentrated) and three alcohol levels (1, 2 and 3 – 1 is less concentrated and 3 in the most concentrated), sodium monensina and control diet (without additive) on dry matter in vitro digestibility (DMIVD) in diets with 50% roughage (Star’s hay), 50% concentrated and 100% concentrated (Tifton’s hay). It was used the technique of dry matter in vitro digestibility of one stage. For statistical analysis, STATISTICA system was used in the GLM procedure. Tests were used to contrast the 5% and Tukey's test at 5%. The highest rates of dry matter in vitro digestibility of treatments with 50:50% of roughage:concentrate were for the following combinations of LLOS products: concentration C in alcohol 1 (LLOSC1; 57.37%), concentration D in alcohol 1 (LLOSD1; 56.41 %), concentration A in alcohol 2 (LLOSA2; 56.03%) and concentration C in alcohol 3 (LLOSC3; 56.04%). The highest rates of dry matter in vitro digestibility with 100% of Tifton’s hay were for LLOS products: concentration B in alcohol 3 (LLOSB3; 49.09%), concentration C in alcohol 1 (LLOSC1; 45.49%) and concentration C in alcohol 2 (LLOSC2; 41.50%). For diets with 50% or 100% roughage, it were observed higher values or similar to control and monensin treatments. The release of the active substance in increasing dry matter in vitro digestibility values is not directly proportional to the concentration of propolis and alcohol, being more active in combination with a middle content of total flavonoids in chrysin

Application and evaluation of propolis, the natural antioxidant in Italian-type salami

Summary This study aimed to characterize propolis with respect to its antioxidant activity and apply it to the elaboration of Italian-type salami. A propolis sample was collected and subjected to chemical and physicochemical characterization and its antioxidant capacity determined. Four salami formulations were developed: F1 (no antioxidants); F2 (addition of 0.01% BHT); F3 (addition of 0.01% propolis) and F4 (addition of 0.05% propolis). The salamis were evaluated with respect to their physicochemical properties and lipid oxidation. The characterization of the propolis showed a high level of waxes and low levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, although in sufficient quantity to prove their antioxidant activity. The Italian-type salamis showed moisture, protein and lipid contents which conformed to the limits preconized by Brazilian legislation. The F4 formulation (0.05% propolis) showed a better result when compared to the formulations F3 (0.01% propolis) and F1 (no antioxidant). However, formulation F2 (0.01% BHT) showed the lowest value of lipid oxidation. The results showed that propolis inhibits oxidative action and can be added to meat products as a natural antioxidant

Evaluation of the Antiproliferative Activity of the Leaves from Arctium lappa by a Bioassay-Guided Fractionation

Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae) is used in folk medicine around the World, and shows several kinds of biological activity, particularly in vitro antitumor activity in different cell lines. This study evaluated the antiproliferative activity of the crude extract, semipurified fractions, and isolated compounds from the leaves of A. lappa, through bioassay-guided testing in Caco-2 cells. The crude extract was obtained with a 50% hydroethanolic extract and then partitioned with hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) showed antiproliferative activity. This fraction was subjected to sequential column chromatography over silica gel to afford onopordopicrin (1), mixtures of 1 with dehydromelitensin-8-(4'-hydroxymethacrylate) (2), a mixture of 2 with dehydromelitensin (3), mixture of 1 with melitensin (4), dehydrovomifoliol (5), and loliolide (6). The compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS) and comparison with literature data. This is the first description of compounds 2–5 from this species. The compounds tested in Caco-2 cells showed the following CC50 (µg/mL) values: 1: 19.7 ± 3.4, 1 with 2: 24.6 ± 1.5, 2 with 3: 27 ± 11.7, 1 with 4: 42 ± 13.1, 6 30 ± 6.2; compound 5 showed no activity