Women and Literacies in Iran: A historical exploration of the late Qajar Era

Over the course of the Qajar period (1796-1925), Iran underwent multiple processes of change in the attempt to modernize the country. The two social institutions of education and gender bore unprecedented scrutiny in that era. The shift from traditional maktab literacies, which mainly centered on Islamic education, to new European-style schools marked the fundamental change in the realm of education in Iran. The centrality of education in the modernization processes was due to the perception of a causal relationship between literacy levels and, progress and democracy. For women, this educational shift involved a double-twist process. First, the epistemological questions on knowledge had to be tackled as a distinction was made between so-called Islamic and scientific or spiritual and material knowledge. On the other hand, the question of Iranian modern woman had to be faced. In this historical study, relying on sociocultural theories of literacy I locate the above educational transition in its social context. From there with the interaction model of literacy in mind, I strive to show that the literacy shift in Qajar era was neither a direct result of modernization attempts nor was it a cause for the country's development. Instead, I propose that the dynamics involved in literacy changes present a matrix pattern rather than a linear relationship. To demonstrate the inner working of this conceptual framework in the historical analysis of literacy in Iran, I present historical data from the Persian travelogues of the nineteenth century, women’s press of late Qajar Era, and the visual data of two digital historical archives. I show that maktab literacies in the nineteenth-century Iran were not merely recipients of change under the influence of modernization processes, but maktab literacies had a formative role in the formation of the modernization dilemma as well. This historical data confirms how the interaction model of literacy explains a coevolving relationship among various spheres in the society. Some elements of the social matrix in this study are the emergent technologies such as print, economic trade, and literacy practices such as travelogue reading/writing, and the collective reading of materials in social gatherings. I also presented that the main iii components of traditional maktab literacies and European-style education in Iran were not mutually exclusive

Simple assembly line balancing problem under task deterioration

This paper introduces the effect of task deterioration in simple assembly line balancing problem. In many realistic assembly lines, a deterioration task is considered when a task is started earlier than the assigned time since the station time is constant and the earliness of the task does not reduce the cycle time. This phenomenon is known as deteriorating tasks. Therefore, we seek an optimal assignment and schedule of tasks in workstations, in order to minimize the number of stations for a given cycle time, which is known as SALBP-1. For this purpose, a mathematical model is proposed. Since the pure SALBP-1 is proved to be NP-hard and considering task deterioration complicates problem further, we propose a genetic algorithm for solving such problem. Several well-known test problems are solved to study the performance of the proposed approach

Hermeneutic Approach to Quantum Learning

This paper aims to discover the key components of quantum theory in learning through hermeneutic research method. Quantum theory is exactly against the theory of simplicity. While the theory of simplicity has been influenced by modernity and the insights from Descartes and Newton who believe that phenomena can be reduced to their simplest form, quantum theory emphasizes holism and holds that all the components of being are dynamic and interconnected. Cartesian reductionism led to the linear causality between phenomena, which believed that phenomena were predictable and controllable, and therefore certain, but the Quantum perspective instead focused on the complexity and entanglement of relationships rather than on linearity and simplicity. Discussions on Quantum learning were started by quantum theory. Emphasizing on holism, entanglement, and the complex interactive relationship between phenomena, they focused on both objective and extrinsic capacities as well as subjective and intrinsic capacities. This perspective of Quantum thinking leads to cooperative learning, dynamic classrooms, learning through conscious and subconscious memory, data processing and conceptualization, input data processing cycles, visual learning, auditory and motor- sensory learning, subjective learning and consideration of learning context, which all consider holism and entanglement in learning

Characterization of a fluvial aquifer at a range of depths and scales: the Triassic St Bees Sandstone Formation, Cumbria, UK

Fluvial sedimentary successions represent porous media that host groundwater and geothermal resources. Additionally, they overlie crystalline rocks hosting nuclear waste repositories in rift settings. The permeability characteristics of an arenaceous fluvial succession, the Triassic St Bees Sandstone Formation in England (UK), are described, from core-plug to well-test scale up to ~1 km depth. Within such lithified successions, dissolution associated with the circulation of meteoric water results in increased permeability (K~10−1–100 m/day) to depths of at least 150 m below ground level (BGL) in aquifer systems that are subject to rapid groundwater circulation. Thus, contaminant transport is likely to occur at relatively high rates. In a deeper investigation (> 150 m depth), where the aquifer has not been subjected to rapid groundwater circulation, well-test-scale hydraulic conductivity is lower, decreasing from K~10−2 m/day at 150–400 m BGL to 10−3 m/day down-dip at ~1 km BGL, where the pore fluid is hypersaline. Here, pore-scale permeability becomes progressively dominant with increasing lithostatic load. Notably, this work investigates a sandstone aquifer of fluvial origin at investigation depths consistent with highly enthalpy geothermal reservoirs (~0.7–1.1 km). At such depths, intergranular flow dominates in unfaulted areas with only minor contribution by bedding plane fractures. However, extensional faults represent preferential flow pathways, due to presence of high connective open fractures. Therefore, such faults may (1) drive nuclear waste contaminants towards the highly permeable shallow (< 150 m BGL) zone of the aquifer, and (2) influence fluid recovery in geothermal fields

The Relationship between Safety Climate and Job Satisfaction Among Employees in a Tire Manufacturing Company

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Caractérisation des relations entre réseau de fractures et réseau d'écoulement dans les réservoirs fracturés et karstiques (Modélisation numérique et étude in situ (Aquifère du Lez, France))

Bien que le comportement et la modélisation des écoulements dans les réservoirs fracturés constituent une problématique de recherche abordée depuis le milieu des années soixante, la caractérisation des réservoirs fracturés soulève encore de nombreuses incertitudes. Dans le contexte du développement et de l'exploitation des réservoirs fracturés, le problème principal le plus souvent cité comprend la définition des propriétés du réseau de fractures qui détermine le réseau d'écoulement ainsi que les modalités de l'écoulements inter-porosité. L'essai de puits est l'un des outils le plus utilisé pour caractériser les propriétés géométriques et hydrodynamiques des réservoirs fracturés sur la base de solution analytique simple. La considération d'une solution analytique de type double porosité pour l'interprétation de l'essai de puits permet ainsi de renseigner le coefficient d'échange inter-porosité, ainsi que le rapport entre les propriétés hydrodynamiques des fractures et celles du réservoir. Ces informations, qui concernent un réservoir fracturé donné, sont généralement issues de l'interprétation, à l'échelle régionale, de la réponse hydrodynamique obtenue sur quelques puits seulement. Néanmoins, tous les puits d'observation n'ont pas la même réponse hydrodynamique à un essai de puits ; ceci pose la question de l'impact de la localisation du puits de pompage et du piézomètre sur la détermination des propriétés hydrodynamiques du réservoir lors de l'interprétation de l'essai de puits. Pour évaluer les différents effets liés à l'emplacement du puits de pompage sur la réponses hydrodynamique, une série d'essais de puits a été simulée dans des réseaux de fractures synthétiques et leur réponse hydrodynamique a été interprétée à l'aide d'un modèle de type double porosité L'impact de la localisation du puits de pompage et des propriété géométriques du réservoir fracturé, telles que l'espacement et la longueur des fractures, sur le comportement des écoulements et la valeur du coefficient d'échange inter-porosité est examiné dans le premier chapitre. Dans le deuxième chapitre, la relation entre réseau de fractures et réseau d'écoulement est examinée dans le cas d'un aquifère fracturé et karstique (aquifère du Lez), en considérant le comportement hydrodynamique à l'échelle locale et le comportement hydrodynamique à l'échelle régionale. De cette façon, sont appréhendés les paramètres principaux qui conditionnent le réseau d'écoulement préférentiel, et ses liens avec le réseau de fractures. Différentes propriétés géométriques, telles que la densité, l'orientation, et la longueur des fractures sont déterminées à différentes échelles : échelle du puits, échelle locale (site expérimental), et échelle régionale (aquifère). A cette fin, différentes techniques d'acquisition (imagerie de puits, mesures à l'affleurement, photographie aérienne) sont utilisées pour caractériser la fracturation. Des mesures géophysique réalisées à l'échelle locale (site expérimental) permettent d'obtenir des cartes de résistivité 2D et 3D qui illustrent la grande hétérogénéité du site, caractéristique des réservoirs fracturés. L'investigation du réseau d'écoulement est réalisée au moyen de diagraphies de puits, de tests d'interférences et de tests d'impulsions, à l'échelle locale et à l'échelle régionale. Ces différents outils nous renseignent sur la connectivité des différents puits avec le réseau d'écoulement ainsi que sur les propriété hydrodynamiques de différentes zones du réservoir fracturé. Dans le troisième chapitre, un modèle hydrogéologique conceptuel est proposé à l'échelle locale et à l'échelle régionale. Ces modèles servent de fondement à deux modèles numériques 2D basé pour voir si la geomodélisation numérique et les résultats de simulation d'écoulements de fluides confirment notre hypothèse intégrée dans les modèles conceptuelsAlthough the specific flow behaviour of fractured reservoirs has been identified and modelled since relatively long time, there are still lots of problem concerning the fractured reservoir characterisation. The main problem, often cited in the context of the development and exploitation of fractured reservoirs, is the difficulty in defining the fracture network properties that impact the flow path-network and the inter-porosity flow transfer between the fracture continuum and matrix continuum. Well test is one of the tools that are used for the characterisation of geometrical and hydrodynamic properties of fractured reservoir, such as inter-porosity flow exchange coefficient, fracture storativity to whole reservoir storativity ratio, and reservoir permeability. But all these information applied to characterise a fractured reservoir at regional scale are inferred from only a few boreholes. One may thus wonder if all observation boreholes have the same hydrodynamic response to a well test. In order to answer this question a series of numerical well tests are conducted in synthetic fracture networks to evaluate the effect of the pumping well location on the dual porosity pressure responses. The impact of geometrical parameters, such as fracture spacing and mean length, on fluid flow behaviour and inter-porosity exchange coefficient are investigated for different pumping well location in the first chapter. Well test simulations in the synthetic fractured reservoirs, with a non uniform distribution pattern, highlight the dependency of the measured inter-porosity flow exchange coefficient to the pumping test location. The mean fracture length (which controls connectivity) is assessed to be the main geometrical parameter which influences the reservoir hydrodynamic response during well test. In the second chapter, the relationship between fracture network and flow-path network are investigated in a real fractured and karstic carbonate aquifer (Lez aquifer, southern France). A multi-disciplinary case study, which aims to assess the main parameters which affect the preferential flow-path network, is thus performed. It comprises geological, geophysical and hydrodynamic data acquisition and interpretations. The collection of geometrical parameters such as fracture density, orientation, length is done at different scales (borehole, field site, aquifer). Applying different data acquisition techniques such as borehole image, outcrop observation and aerial photography are claimed to characterise the fracture network. In this experimental part, it is shown that geological and geophysical data such as fracture data acquisition, borehole imagery (OTV), reservoir electrical resistivity imaging are the minimum requested data for characterizing the fracture network of a given reservoir. Investigation of flow-path network is done through conducting a series of well logging, interference tests and pulse tests at two scales. This step gives some clarifications about the quality of connectivity and conductivity of fractures at different zones. Then, we assess the relationship between fracture network and flow-path network by integrating all geological, geophysical and hydrodynamic data. It is shown that conducting well test series at two different scales within the same fractured and karstic reservoir allow verifying the scale dependency of permeability within a same system; it also shows that other important factors than the scale of observation affect these permeability variations. Combination of all data (geological, geophysical and hydrodynamic) illustrates that the borehole connectivity to the flow-path network and water table level during well test operation are the parameters which mainly control the permeability value estimation, whatever the scale of observation. Finally, in the third chapter, we define the hydrogeological conceptual models at local and regional scales. Then a simple 2D numerical model based on the hydrogeological conceptual model at each scale is proposed and the numerical geomodelling and fluid flow simulation are compared to the observed hydrodynamic behaviour in the site. Results of fluid flow simulation in the numerical models at local and regional scales confirm our hypothesis about effect of borehole location and its connectivity with the flow-path network on the recorded hydrodynamic responses at boreholeMONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Influence of the observation scale on permeability estimation at local and regional scales through well tests in a fractured and karstic aquifer (Lez aquifer, Southern France)

International audienceDetermination of permeability in fractured and karstic carbonate reservoirs is of great importance as reservoirs of this type represent a significant proportion of the aquifers and petroleum reservoirs in the world. In fact at a given scale the permeability values determined from the hydrodynamic response to a well test can vary dramatically from one observation well to another. In this study we investigate such permeability variations and their origins at both local and regional scales.Permeability values for a fractured and karstic carbonate aquifer (Lez spring hydrogeological catchment, Southern France) have therefore been analyzed from well tests conducted at local and regional scales: (i) interference tests at the field site scale, (ii) pulse tests at the reservoir scale.Analyzing and comparing the hydrodynamic responses to the pumping tests at both scales show that (i) mean estimated permeability values can increase with observation scale in this particular carbonate reservoir, (ii) at a given scale these values depend dramatically on the location of the observation well used for permeability estimations as the connectivity between the well and the high permeability flow path network depends on this location, and (iii) the water table level or the drilling depth of the observation well appear to be key parameters when estimating permeability values as they also control the connectivity between the well and the high permeability flow path network

Social Competence of Students with Learning Disability: Advantages of Verbal Self-Instructional Package

Objectives: Verbal self-instruction strategy is one of the useful techniques for treating individual with learning disability. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of Verbal Self-instructional Package on the social competence of students with learning disability. Methods: The study was done in a quasi-experimental research and pre-test, post-test design with control group. The population included all male students with learning disability who were studying in two learning disability centers of Hamedan City from 3rd grade to 5th grade. The participants included of 40 male students diagnosed with learning disability who were selected through convenience sampling method and were placed in control group and experimental group (20 students in each group). The verbal Self-instructional Package was held for 8 sessions in a month (2 sessions per week) for experimental group. To collect data, the pre-test and post-test scores of Social Competence Questionnaire were used. Results: The findings of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that Verbal Self-instructional Package significantly affects social competence and it&rsquo;s components cognitive skills and abilities, behavioral skills, emotional competence and set of motivations and expectations in students with learning disability. Discussion: Using verbal self-instruction can enhance the social competence of students with learning disability, Thus it is recommended to use this adjusted package in schools and psychological clinics for these students

Investigation of recommended good practices to reduce exposure to nanomaterials in nanotechnology laboratories in Tehran, Iran

This study was conducted in nanotechnology laboratories in Tehran. A designed and validated questionnaire was used to meet the study goals. List of laboratories were provided through the Iran Nanotechnology Laboratory Network. All data were analyzed using SPSS.22. While 46.7 of the laboratories employed between 5 and 10 people on average, only 33.3 of them had a nanomaterial safety and health policy. In 80.0 of laboratories, nanomaterials were stored in labeled containers, while only 20.0 of laboratories were confident of the information on the labels. In terms of engineering controls, most laboratories had minimal controls (general ventilation and local ventilation). The laboratories also had minimal facilities in terms of personal protective equipment. As the research results indicated, the facilities for reducing and controlling exposure to hazardous substances have always been minimal in these laboratories. Most of them rely on minimal controls for various reasons, such as lack of technology, lack of funds, and lack of information. Finally, it is recommended to establish up-to-date control systems in research laboratories and ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment is provided and used properly. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V