828 research outputs found
Incident Ischemic Heart Disease After Long-Term Occupational Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: Accounting for 2 Forms of Survivor Bias.
Little is known about the heart disease risks associated with occupational, rather than traffic-related, exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 Β΅m or less (PM2.5). We examined long-term exposure to PM2.5 in cohorts of aluminum smelters and fabrication workers in the United States who were followed for incident ischemic heart disease from 1998 to 2012, and we addressed 2 forms of survivor bias. Left truncation bias was addressed by restricting analyses to the subcohort hired after the start of follow up. Healthy worker survivor bias, which is characterized by time-varying confounding that is affected by prior exposure, was documented only in the smelters and required the use of marginal structural Cox models. When comparing always-exposed participants above the 10th percentile of annual exposure with those below, the hazard ratios were 1.67 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 2.52) and 3.95 (95% CI: 0.87, 18.00) in the full and restricted subcohorts of smelter workers, respectively. In the fabrication stratum, hazard ratios based on conditional Cox models were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.02) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.37) per 1 mg/m(3)-year in the full and restricted subcohorts, respectively. Long-term exposure to occupational PM2.5 was associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease among aluminum manufacturing workers, particularly in smelters, after adjustment for survivor bias
Ischemic Heart Disease Incidence in Relation to Fine versus Total Particulate Matter Exposure in a U.S. Aluminum Industry Cohort.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been linked to exposures to airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 ΞΌm (PM2.5) in the ambient environment and in occupational settings. Routine industrial exposure monitoring, however, has traditionally focused on total particulate matter (TPM). To assess potential benefits of PM2.5 monitoring, we compared the exposure-response relationships between both PM2.5 and TPM and incidence of IHD in a cohort of active aluminum industry workers. To account for the presence of time varying confounding by health status we applied marginal structural Cox models in a cohort followed with medical claims data for IHD incidence from 1998 to 2012. Analyses were stratified by work process into smelters (n = 6,579) and fabrication (n = 7,432). Binary exposure was defined by the 10th-percentile cut-off from the respective TPM and PM2.5 exposure distributions for each work process. Hazard Ratios (HR) comparing always exposed above the exposure cut-off to always exposed below the cut-off were higher for PM2.5, with HRs of 1.70 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-2.60) and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.02-2.13) in smelters and fabrication, respectively. For TPM, the HRs were 1.25 (95% CI: 0.89-1.77) and 1.25 (95% CI: 0.88-1.77) for smelters and fabrication respectively. Although TPM and PM2.5 were highly correlated in this work environment, results indicate that, consistent with biologic plausibility, PM2.5 is a stronger predictor of IHD risk than TPM. Cardiovascular risk management in the aluminum industry, and other similar work environments, could be better guided by exposure surveillance programs monitoring PM2.5
Particle Size Distribution in Aluminum Manufacturing Facilities.
As part of exposure assessment for an ongoing epidemiologic study of heart disease and fine particle exposures in aluminum industry, area particle samples were collected in production facilities to assess instrument reliability and particle size distribution at different process areas. Personal modular impactors (PMI) and Minimicro-orifice uniform deposition impactors (MiniMOUDI) were used. The coefficient of variation (CV) of co-located samples was used to evaluate the reproducibility of the samplers. PM2.5 measured by PMI was compared to PM2.5 calculated from MiniMOUDI data. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and concentrations of sub-micrometer (PM1.0) and quasi-ultrafine (PM0.56) particles were evaluated to characterize particle size distribution. Most of CVs were less than 30%. The slope of the linear regression of PMI_PM2.5 versus MiniMOUDI_PM2.5 was 1.03 mg/m3 per mg/m3 (Β± 0.05), with correlation coefficient of 0.97 (Β± 0.01). Particle size distribution varied substantively in smelters, whereas it was less variable in fabrication units with significantly smaller MMADs (arithmetic mean of MMADs: 2.59 ΞΌm in smelters vs. 1.31 ΞΌm in fabrication units, p = 0.001). Although the total particle concentration was more than two times higher in the smelters than in the fabrication units, the fraction of PM10 which was PM1.0 or PM0.56 was significantly lower in the smelters than in the fabrication units (p < 0.001). Consequently, the concentrations of sub-micrometer and quasi-ultrafine particles were similar in these two types of facilities. It would appear, studies evaluating ultrafine particle exposure in aluminum industry should focus on not only the smelters, but also the fabrication facilities
Automatic detection of equiaxed dendrites using computer vision neural networks
Equaixed dendrites are frequently encountered in solidification. They
typically form in large numbers, which makes their detection, localization, and
tracking practically impossible for a human eye. In this paper, we show how
recent progress in the field of machine learning can be leveraged to tackle
this problem and we present computer vision neural network to automatically
detect equiaxed dendrites. Our network is trained using phase-field simulation
results, and proper data augmentation allows to perform the detection task in
solidification conditions entirely different from those simulated for training.
For example, here we show how they can successfully detect dendrites of various
sizes in a microgravity solidification experiment. We discuss challenges in
training such a network along with our solutions for them, and compare the
performance of neural network with traditional methods of shapes detection
MSSM Higgs Couplings to Bottom Quarks: Two-Loop Corrections
We present the two-loop SUSY-QCD corrections to the effective bottom Yukawa
couplings within the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model.
The effective Yukawa couplings include the resummation of the non-decoupling
corrections Delta m_b for large values of tg(beta). We have derived the
two-loop SUSY-QCD corrections to the leading SUSY-QCD and top-induced
SUSY-electroweak contributions to Delta m_b. The scale dependence of the
resummed Yukawa couplings is reduced from O(10%) to the per-cent level. These
results reduce the theoretical uncertainties of the MSSM Higgs branching ratios
to the accuracy which can be achieved at a future linear e+e- collider.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π63 Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ
Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π63 Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°
ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Β«Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄-ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Β» Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°.The object of research is the hot oil pipeline. Purpose - to determine the influence of the thermodynamic characteristics of the pipeline transport of oil in the North on the effectiveness of technology of hot oil transfer.
The study carried out hydraulic and thermal calculations, the calculation of optimal transport temperature, calculation of economic efficiency of use of hot oil transport. The questions of the correct description of viscosity-temperature characteristics of the oil to determine the optimum temperature of heating oil, the effect of thermodynamic parameters of the system "pipeline-environment" on the effectiveness of transport. Presents measures for health and safety point of operation of oil heating, environmental protection, technical and economic part
Sequential loss of myelin proteins during Wallerian degeneration in the human spinal cord
Axons undergo Wallerian degeneration (WD) distal to a point of injury. In the lesioned PNS, WD may be followed by successful axonal regeneration and functional recovery. However, in the lesioned mammalian CNS, there is no significant axonal regeneration. Myelin-associated proteins (MAPs) have been shown to play significant roles in preventing axonal regeneration in the CNS. Since relatively little is known about such events in human CNS pathologies, we performed an immunohistochemical investigation on the temporal changes of four MAPs during WD in post-mortem spinal cords of 22 patients who died 2 days to 30 years after either cerebral infarction or traumatic spinal cord injury. In contrast to experimental studies in rats, the loss of myelin sheaths is greatly delayed in humans and continues slowly over a number of years. However, in agreement with animal data, a sequential loss of myelin proteins was found which was dependent on their location within the myelin sheath. Myelin proteins situated on the peri-axonal membrane were the first to be lost, the time course correlating with the loss of axonal markers. Proteins located within compact myelin or on the outer myelin membrane were still detectable 3 years after injury in degenerating fibre tracts, long after the disappearance of the corresponding axons. The persistence of axon growth-inhibitory proteins such as NOGO-A in degenerating nerve fibre tracts may contribute to the maintenance of an environment that is hostile to axon regeneration, long after the initial injury. The present data highlight the importance of correlating the well documented, lesion-induced changes that take place in controlled laboratory investigations with those that take place in the clinical domai
Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 after central and peripheral nerve lesions
BACKGROUND: Interruption of mature axons activates a cascade of events in neuronal cell bodies which leads to various outcomes from functional regeneration in the PNS to the failure of any significant regeneration in the CNS. One factor which seems to play an important role in the molecular programs after axotomy is the stearoyl Coenzyme A-desaturase-1 (SCD-1). This enzyme is needed for the conversion of stearate into oleate. Beside its role in membrane synthesis, oleate could act as a neurotrophic factor, involved in signal transduction pathways via activation of protein kinases C. RESULTS: In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated a strong up-regulation of SCD at mRNA and protein level in regenerating neurons of the rat facial nucleus whereas non-regenerating Clarke's and Red nucleus neurons did not show an induction of this gene. CONCLUSION: This differential expression points to a functionally significant role for the SCD-1 in the process of regeneration
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