Análisis semántico de los realia en el español de Venezuela

This article is destined for the concept 'realia' and its realization in Venezuelan Spanish. Following the introduction, some definitions of 'realia' from several perspectives: comparative linguistics (Vlajov, Florin, Vereshaguin, Kostomarov), theory of translation (Chernov, Fedorov, Suprún, Reformatsky, Sheiman, Bercov), cultural lunguistic (Vinogradov, Tomajin) and different classifications of this concept are presented. The next point that constitutes the focus of interest of this work contains examples of Venezuelan words-realia taken from 'Dictionary of venezolanismos', 'Dictionary of Venezuelan Spanish. Venezolanismos, indigenous voices, new meanings' and 'Linguistic atlas of Venezuelan Spanish'. In the end a comparative analysis of 'realia', terms and proper names is also given

Evaluating the effectiveness of social protection of the population in the Russian federation

© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.In this paper, we consider a system of evaluating the effectiveness of social protection. We analyze the social protection criteria and methods in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Russian Federation

Quête d’avenirs : rapport d'activité du CRDI en 1980 … et petite revue rétrospective de la première décennie du CRDI, 1970-1980

Version anglaise disponible dans la Bibliothèque numérique du CRDI: Searching : review of IDRC activities, 1980 … and a look back at IDRC’s first decade, 1970-1980Version espagnole disponible dans la Bibliothèque numérique du CRDI: Búsqueda : informe anual de actividades del CIID, 1980 … y una mirada a la primera década del CIID, 1970-198

Public insights to the image construction of the Republic of Tatarstan

© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Based on the complex original research of authors, this study investigates some dimensions of the construction of the image of the modern Russian city-Kazan. This study highlights the absence of the singular image of Kazan among different city’s stakeholders rather an “umbrella construct” and the difference in the perceptions of the city image between city authorities and city population. An attempt to multiply brand identity of the Kazan city dictates its flexibility and loyalty to broad economic, sociocultural trends, and vulnerable geopolitical climate

Health determinants for Russians

© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Health, according to the opinion of the most modern national sociologists [5, 6], is among the fundamental factors of quality of living. Health is the basis of physical, labor, and social activity of the human, and the state of health depends—directly or indirectly—on the main indicators of quality of living, both work and working time, material well-being, life and free time, marriage and family

Analysis of Long-Term Dynamics of Incidence of Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Irkutsk Region

Introduction.Healthcare-associated infections incidence is one of the most pressing issues in modern healthcare due to their high abundance as well as economic loss they cause.The aimis to study regional features of the incidence of healthcare-associated infections.Methods.We conducted a retrospective epidemiological analysis of nosocomial morbidity in hospitals of the Irkutsk region within 2006-2017 years. We used data, presented in the following state reports: “On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation”, “On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Irkutsk region”.Results and discussion.According to the results of the conducted analysis, it was shown that the average long-term prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in the Irkutsk region was 41.94 ± 2.040/00000 (Russian Federation – 17.49) with a tendency to stabilization in recent years. The therapeutic and prophylactic organizations of the surgical profile have the highest epidemiological significance (over 51 %). At the same time, the share of postoperative complications during the study period decreased by 1.5 times. We have noted a rising trend line with a positive rate of increase in the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia, which in the last two years has taken a leading position in the structure of healthcare-associated infections. The incidence of infections in newborns in the Irkutsk region ranks the third, with a specific weight of 11.54 %. Moreover, if before 2013 purulent-septic diseases of the newborns were the predominant nosological form, in recent years pneumonia has firmly taken over the leadership. During the study period we revealed an increase in the incidence of postpartum endometritis in puerperas. It has been shown that the registration of sepsis, urinary tract infections in the region is low

Methods of the determination of inorganic arsenic species by stripping voltammetry in weakly alkaline media

Two methods are considered for the direct determination of trace amounts of As(III) and As(V) in solutions by stripping voltammetry (SVA) using an ensemble of gold microelectrodes (Au-MEA) previously developed by the authors of this paper. In both methods, analyzing a mixture of As(III) and As(V), analysts first record an SVA signal of As(III) in a supporting Na2SO3 electrolyte. To record an analytical SVA signal of As(V), in the first method one should use the reduction of As(V) to As(III) on the surface of an Au-MEA catalyzed by the system Mn(II)/Mn(0) and followed by the formation of As(0) and its anode dissolution. In the second method, the photoreduction of As(V) to As(III) in a Na2SO3 solution is conducted under UV irradiation followed by the reduction of As(III) to As(0) and its electrooxidation on Au-MEA. The two methods are compared taking into account their performance characteristics and interfering ions. To improve the reliability of the results of analysis at an insignificant increase in its cost, we propose the consecutive use of both methods. The procedures are simple and rapid, do not require the removal of dissolved oxygen or toxic reactants, and can be used for the analysis of aqueous solutions at the place of sampling. The results of analyses of real objects, snow, river water, and process solutions are presented

Syntopy of Pulmonary Vein Orifices in the Left Atrium of the Human Heart

INTRODUCTION: The syntopy of the left atrial (LA) structures is the least studied aspect of the normal heart anatomy. The morphometric data on the position of orifices of the pulmonary veins in the LA walls relative to the adjacent heart structures and heart vessels are important as reference parameters of heart morphology and are needed in the endovascular treatment of atrial fibrillations. AIM: To establish the general patterns and topospecific peculiarities of the location of the pulmonary vein orifices relative to the oval fossa and orifices of the venae cavae using morphometric methods of anatomical preparations of conventionally normal adult human heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty–four wet anatomical preparations of the heart without macroscopic signs of hemodynamically significant cardiac pathology were studied. The preparations were obtained from patients aged 35–89 years who died from diseases not related to heart pathology. LA diastole was modeled by filling its cavity with silicone; after it hardened, the distances from the oval fossa and orifices of the venae cavae to the orifices of the pulmonary veins were measured using sliding calipers. RESULTS: The article presents variation, medians, and extreme values of distances from the oval fossa and orifices of the venae cavae to the orifices of the pulmonary veins at the site of their opening to LA. The significance of differences of morphometric parameters of the topography was evaluated, and their correlation and one–way regression analyses were implemented. The strongest regression dependence was found for LA width and distance from the orifice of the superior vena cava to the orifice of the left inferior pulmonary vein (Y) r2 = 0.45; Х = 19.94 + 0.545Y). The heart dimensions and LA length were not significant predictors for the studied parameters. CONCLUSION: The right pulmonary veins were located expectedly closer to the orifices of the venae cavae and the oval fossa than the left pulmonary veins. The narrowest was the space between the orifices of the superior vena cava and the right superior pulmonary vein. The farthest from the orifices of both venae cavae was the orifice of the left inferior pulmonary artery. The strongest correlation relationships were characteristic of the distances from the orifices of both venae cavae to the orifices of the homolateral pulmonary veins, which we propose to consider as one of the criteria of the harmoniousness of the structure of the atrial complex. © Authors, 2022

Improvement of crop rotations aimed at increasing their efficiency and conserving soil fertility in conditions of biological intensification

The long-term research conducted in 2002-2017 in a long stationary experiment on studying different types of field crop rotations under conditions of the Kirov region showed that on sod-podzolic soils the loss of humus could be lowered using agro technical methods. The most critical of them include the reduction of a portion of bare fallow, transition to sown and green-manure fallow, expanded use of perennial legume and grain-legume crops and intercrop sowings. In eight-field crop rotations when using such means of a biologization as plowing of the root-stubble residues, aboveground mass of green-manure crops in fallow fields and intercrop sowings, the supply of organic substance was within 17.24-83.03 t/ha. By mineral-ization of this substance 7.64-11.51 t of humus were produced. In a crop rotation with bare fallow there is a negative balance of humus of -0.06 t/ha. The positive balance is obtained when using sown, green-manure fallows, intercrop sowings (two-three fields), and introduction of up to 25% perennial legumes to the structure of crop rotations. The formation of 0.96-1.44 t/ha of humus in the arable layer provides positive balance of 0.20-0.72 t/ha. The increase of the part of grain crops up to 62.5-75.0% in the structure of crop rotations resulted in rise of their efficiency up to 4.74-4.79 thousand fodder units. It was 0.27-0.32 thousand fodder units higher than in the control crop rotation with bare fallow. Dependence of productivity of agricultural crops on humus content was insignificantly negative (r = -0.16). The efficiency of the studied crop rotations depended considerably on the amount of productive moisture in the soil in a phase of ear formation of grain crops (r = -0.78) and on biological activity of the soil (r = -0.80)

Bacteria Biofilms in Purulent-Septic Infections

The causative agents of many infectious diseases can exist in the form of biofilms. The aim of the work is to study of the frequency of occurrence and the degree of activity of biofilm formation of microorganisms isolated from different locus in purulent-septic infections.Materials and methods. Fifteen strains isolated from patients with purulent-septic infections were examined. Biofilms were determined by the ability to adsorption a crystalviolet to ethanol.Results. 73,3 ± 11,4 % strains had biofilms (including gram-negative bacteria – 69,2 ± 11,9 %; Staphylococcus – 100,0 %; p < 0,05).The degree of activity of formation of biofilm by gram-negative bacteria was higher than Staphylococcus (0,302 ± 0,04 и 0,134 ± 0,01 units of optical density; p < 0,01). The highest activity of formation of biofilm was detected in K. pneumoniae isolated from patients with sepsis. Strains from clinically important locus (blood, sputum, wound discharge, abdominal fluid) had biofilms in 75,0 %; from locus of monitoring – 66,7 %. The pathogens isolated from locus of the monitoring were characterized by an average degree of activity of biofilm formation (0,180–0,360 units of optical density). Strains from clinically important locus (blood and sputum from patients with sepsis) had a highdegree of biofilm formation (more than 0,360 units of optical density). Conclusion. In most cases, strains were characterized by the presence of biofilms and differed in degrees activity of biofilm formation depending on locus