Asignación de recursos públicos para la educación superior universitaria : Perú 1960-1990

Este estudio pasa revista al proceso de asignación de recursos financieros públicos a las universidades estatales durante las últimas tres décadas en el Perú. El propósito es detectar los principales factores explicativos de dicha asignación, en especial las variables de naturaleza política y burocrática. Se trata de precisar el papel de las instituciones que intervienen en el proceso, y de definir los estilos de gestión preponderantes en cada momento histórico. En general, según el autor, durante el periodo estudiado existió muy poca estabilidad en los criterios y mecanismos empleados en el proceso de asignación de recursos públicos a la educación universitaria, y no se contó con una política pública de financiamiento universitario, relativamente autónoma de la situación fiscal de corto plaw. Para su análisis, el autor distingue tres etapas básicas. La primera etapa se inicia con la promulgación de la ley universitaria 13417, en abril de 1960, y culmina con la asunción del gobierno militar. En esta etapa el sistema universitario experimentó un crecimiento explosivo; predominaba entonces una concepción que asignaba al Estado la obligación de asegurar la solvencia económica de las universidades, dotándolas de rentas suficientes. Estas, además, gozaban de autonomía para el diseño y el manejo de sus presupuestos. No obstante, hacia el final del periodo, la crisis fiscal y el propio crecimiento del sistema afectó seriamente los presupuestos de las universidades. El anterior contexto enmarca el inicio de la segunda etapa,. que el autor identifica con la promulgación de la ley universitaria 17437, en febrero de 1969, y que culminará con la restauración democrática, en 1980. Esta etapa estuvo signada por un tratamiento burocrático y racionalizador del proceso de asignación de recursos -a través de una instancia creada para tal efecto, el Consejo Nacional de la Universidad Peruana (CONUP). Se limitó el concepto de autonomía económica de las universidades a la libre disposición de las rentas que el gobierno decidiera darle; así, el periodo se caracterizó por una fuerte inestabilidad de los presupuestos universitarios y una total dependencia de la situación fiscal. La tercera etapa cubre toda la década de los ochenta, en la cual dos gobiernos democráticos se sucedieron en el poder. En esta etapa, pese al intento de reforzar la autonomía universitaria que significó el que alcanzara el rango de norma constitucional, dicha autonomía se vio en la práctica frustrada por la prolongada crisis fiscal, que obligó a las universidades a una lucha constante por la obtención de los escasos recursos que el Fisco presupuestaba. Se generó así una dinámica donde la burocracia del Ministerio de Economía ganó poderes para asignar o reasignar recursos, más allá de lo dispuesto por las leyes presupuestales. Al impulso de estas dificultades, las universidades se han visto obligadas a desarrollar formas de presión por la obtención de recursos, y a buscar por otra parte mecanismos de generación de recursos propios

Sub-Gaussian short time asymptotics for measure metric Dirichlet spaces

This paper presents estimates for the distribution of the exit time from balls and short time asymptotics for measure metric Dirichlet spaces. The estimates cover the classical Gaussian case, the sub-diffusive case which can be observed on particular fractals and further less regular cases as well. The proof is based on a new chaining argument and it is free of volume growth assumptions

Molecular spintronics: Coherent spin transfer in coupled quantum dots

Time-resolved Faraday rotation has recently demonstrated coherent transfer of electron spin between quantum dots coupled by conjugated molecules. Using a transfer Hamiltonian ansatz for the coupled quantum dots, we calculate the Faraday rotation signal as a function of the probe frequency in a pump-probe setup using neutral quantum dots. Additionally, we study the signal of one spin-polarized excess electron in the coupled dots. We show that, in both cases, the Faraday rotation angle is determined by the spin transfer probabilities and the Heisenberg spin exchange energy. By comparison of our results with experimental data, we find that the transfer matrix element for electrons in the conduction band is of order 0.08 eV and the spin transfer probabilities are of order 10%.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures; minor change

Effect of the Surface on the Electron Quantum Size Levels and Electron g-Factor in Spherical Semiconductor Nanocrystals

The structure of the electron quantum size levels in spherical nanocrystals is studied in the framework of an eight--band effective mass model at zero and weak magnetic fields. The effect of the nanocrystal surface is modeled through the boundary condition imposed on the envelope wave function at the surface. We show that the spin--orbit splitting of the valence band leads to the surface--induced spin--orbit splitting of the excited conduction band states and to the additional surface--induced magnetic moment for electrons in bare nanocrystals. This additional magnetic moment manifests itself in a nonzero surface contribution to the linear Zeeman splitting of all quantum size energy levels including the ground 1S electron state. The fitting of the size dependence of the ground state electron g factor in CdSe nanocrystals has allowed us to determine the appropriate surface parameter of the boundary conditions. The structure of the excited electron states is considered in the limits of weak and strong magnetic fields.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

"Author! Author!" : Shakespeare and biography

Original article can be found at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t714579626~db=all Copyright Informa / Taylor & Francis Group. DOI: 10.1080/17450910902764454Since 1996, not a year has passed without the publication of at least one Shakespeare biography. Yet for many years the place of the author in the practice of understanding literary works has been problematized, and even on occasions eliminated. Criticism reads the “works”, and may or may not refer to an author whose “life” contributed to their meaning. Biography seeks the author in the works, the personality that precedes the works and gives them their characteristic shape and meaning. But the form of literary biography addresses the unusual kind of “life” that puts itself into “works”, and this is particularly challenging where the “works” predominate massively over the salient facts of the “life”. This essay surveys the current terrain of Shakespeare biography, and considers the key questions raised by the medium: can we know anything of Shakespeare's “personality” from the facts of his life and the survival of his works? What is the status of the kind of speculation that inevitably plays a part in biographical reconstruction? Are biographers in the end telling us as much about themselves as they tell us about Shakespeare?Peer reviewe

A SLUGGS and Gemini/GMOS combined study of the elliptical galaxy M60: wide-field photometry and kinematics of the globular cluster system

We present new wide-field photometry and spectroscopy of the globular clusters (GCs) around NGC 4649 (M60), the third brightest galaxy in the Virgo cluster. Imaging of NGC 4649 was assembled from a recently obtained Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys mosaic, and new Subaru/Suprime-Cam and archival Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope/MegaCam data. About 1200 sources were followed up spectroscopically using combined observations from three multi-object spectrographs: Keck/Deep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph, Gemini/Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph and Multiple Mirror Telescope/Hectospec. We confirm 431 unique GCs belonging to NGC 4649, a factor of 3.5 larger than previous data sets and with a factor of 3 improvement in velocity precision. We confirm significant GC colour bimodality and find that the red GCs are more centrally concentrated, while the blue GCs are more spatially extended. We infer negative GC colour gradients in the innermost 20 kpc and flat gradients out to large radii. Rotation is detected along the galaxy major axis for all tracers: blue GCs, red GCs, galaxy stars and planetary nebulae. We compare the observed properties of NGC 4649 with galaxy formation models. We find that formation via a major merger between two gas-poor galaxies, followed by satellite accretion, can consistently reproduce the observations of NGC 4649 at different radii. We find no strong evidence to support an interaction between NGC 4649 and the neighbouring spiral galaxy NGC 4647. We identify interesting GC kinematic features in our data, such as counter-rotating subgroups and bumpy kinematic profiles, which encode more clues about the formation history of NGC 4649

Horizontal Branch Stars: The Interplay between Observations and Theory, and Insights into the Formation of the Galaxy

We review HB stars in a broad astrophysical context, including both variable and non-variable stars. A reassessment of the Oosterhoff dichotomy is presented, which provides unprecedented detail regarding its origin and systematics. We show that the Oosterhoff dichotomy and the distribution of globular clusters (GCs) in the HB morphology-metallicity plane both exclude, with high statistical significance, the possibility that the Galactic halo may have formed from the accretion of dwarf galaxies resembling present-day Milky Way satellites such as Fornax, Sagittarius, and the LMC. A rediscussion of the second-parameter problem is presented. A technique is proposed to estimate the HB types of extragalactic GCs on the basis of integrated far-UV photometry. The relationship between the absolute V magnitude of the HB at the RR Lyrae level and metallicity, as obtained on the basis of trigonometric parallax measurements for the star RR Lyrae, is also revisited, giving a distance modulus to the LMC of (m-M)_0 = 18.44+/-0.11. RR Lyrae period change rates are studied. Finally, the conductive opacities used in evolutionary calculations of low-mass stars are investigated. [ABRIDGED]Comment: 56 pages, 22 figures. Invited review, to appear in Astrophysics and Space Scienc