Interrupción escolar y vulnerabilidad educativa en el Perú: datos, estudios y recomendaciones para la educación básica en el Perú

En este informe, se presentan datos, estudios y análisis vinculados con la interrupción de los estudios, el abandono escolar o la deserción, palabras con las que se suele llamar en la literatura a la terminación temprana –temporal o definitiva– de la educación formal. Con este término, nos referimos aquí a las niñas, los niños o las y los adolescentes (NNA) que no están matriculados en la educación básica regular (EBR). A partir del análisis de encuestas a nivel nacional –Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (Enaho), Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (Endes)– y de bases de datos del Ministerio de Educación (Minedu) –Sistema de Información de Apoyo a la Gestión de la Institución Educativa (Siagie), Estadística de la Calidad Educativa (Escale)–, así como de la evidencia del estudio longitudinal Niños del Milenio en el Perú, damos cuenta de cómo, a pesar de los avances en la cobertura educativa en este nivel, aún se mantienen brechas que afectan principalmente a algunos grupos de estudiantes. Durante los últimos años, la tendencia hacia una mayor cobertura se vio afectada por la pandemia y el incremento de la pobreza. Aunque desde el Estado peruano se han realizado algunos esfuerzos por atender esta problemática, aún no contamos con una política nacional de protección educativa que sirva como marco para prevenir o revertir la interrupción de los estudios. Se requiere diseñar políticas educativas que aborden tanto los factores académicos como los sociales que influyen en la interrupción escolar, asegurando la inclusión y permanencia de todos los y las estudiantes. La participación activa de las familias y la colaboración interinstitucional son fundamentales para lograr mejoras sostenibles en la educación básica en el Perú. Para ello, se requiere –además– distribuir recursos humanos, financieros y de materiales considerando los desafíos territoriales; implementar sistemas de información que permitan identificar a los estudiantes que han interrumpido sus estudios o están en riesgo de hacerlo, y brindar información relevante sobre los estudiantes para que los directivos y docentes puedan prevenir y atender estos casos.This report presents data, studies, and analyses related to the interruption of studies, commonly referred to in the literature as school dropout or early school leaving, whether temporary or permanent. Here, we use the term “school dropout (interruption of studies)” to refer to children and adolescents who are not enrolled in regular basic education (EBR, for its acronym in Spanish). Based on an analysis of national surveys—such as the National Household Survey (ENAHO) and the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES)—and administrative databases from the Ministry of Education (MINEDU), including the School Management Support Information System (SIAGIE) and the Educational Quality Statistics System (ESCALE), as well as evidence from the longitudinal study Young Lives in Peru, we demonstrate that, despite progress in educational coverage in EBR, significant gaps remain that primarily affect certain groups of students. In recent years, the pandemic and rising poverty levels have disrupted the trend toward increased coverage Although the Peruvian State has made efforts to address this issue, a national educational protection policy that provides a framework for preventing or reversing the interruption of studies is still lacking. There is an urgent need to design educational policies that address academic and social factors influencing school dropout, ensuring the inclusion and retention of all students. Active family participation and interinstitutional collaboration are crucial to achieving sustainable improvements in basic education in Peru. To this end, it is also necessary to allocate human, financial, and material resources, considering territorial challenges; implement information systems to identify students who have interrupted their studies or are at risk of doing so; and provide relevant data about students to help school administrators and teachers prevent and address these cases effectively

Gran minería y transformaciones productivas en distritos mineros en el Perú : un análisis del periodo 2001-2019

En M. Glave, S. Higueras, L. López Garnier y M. Bravo (Eds.), Transiciones, movilización ciudadana y cambios institucionales : lecciones desde territorios con minería a gran escala en el Perú, Colombia y Chile (pp. 29-78). Lima: GRADE.En este contexto, el estudio sobre potenciales transformaciones productivas en los territorios bajo influencia de la gran minería es un tema aún poco explorado por la investigación especializada. Esto puede deberse a que se trata de procesos de largo plazo que, dada su complejidad, son difíciles de medir en periodos cortos, en los que se ha centrado la mayor parte de los estudios citados. Con una perspectiva de mayor horizonte temporal, creemos pertinente plantearse el tema de las transformaciones en un contexto de presencia minera en los territorios durante las últimas dos décadas para el Perú, indagando si estas transiciones pueden considerarse procesos de desarrollo económico e institucional sostenibles y equitativos en el largo plazo.In this context, the study of potential productive transformations in the territories under the influence of large-scale mining is a topic still little explored by specialized research. This may be due to the fact that these are long-term processes which, given their complexity, are difficult to measure in short periods of time, on which most of the studies cited above have focused. With a longer time horizon perspective, we believe it is pertinent to consider the issue of transformations in a context of mining presence in the territories during the last two decades for Peru, inquiring whether these transitions can be considered sustainable and equitable economic and institutional development processes in the long term

Evaluating the efficacy of social innovation programming at advancing rural development in the context of exogenous shocks

Sustainability, 16(13), 5664In this paper, we design and deploy an experimental approach to evaluate the efficacy of a social innovation initiative implemented in rural communities situated in the highlands of Peru, which confronted the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in the midst of its implementation. Using three rounds of information collected before, during, and after participation, we examine the efficacy of the social innovation economic development approach at increasing household livelihoods. We present robust, statistically significant improvements in household economic well-being, food security satisfaction, and community outlook for participating households compared to non-participating households following program engagement. The results presented in this study suggest that the social innovation program facilitated a notable restructuring of the portfolio of household income and livelihood activities towards more lucrative and value-added pursuits. This transition manifested in increased involvement in entrepreneurial ventures and specialized labor associated with both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors while distancing from traditional agricultural and livestock-related endeavors. The income gains stemming from self-employment activities and wage labor outweigh the losses incurred from reduced agricultural and livestock earnings. Furthermore, our analysis underscores the resilience of innovative income-generating pathways in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, outperforming traditional agrarian value chains. These findings highlight the efficacy of social innovation programming in facilitating economic development and also shed light on sustainable strategies for economic resilience amidst unforeseen challenges such as the recent global health crisis

¿A costa de qué?: el estado de emergencia en el Callao y su impacto de corto y largo plazo sobre la seguridad ciudadana, la violencia familiar y el bienestar social

En Perú, la declaración de estado de emergencia (EE) se ha vuelto una medida de política pública común y ampliamente solicitada para abordar el problema de la delincuencia. Recientemente, el gobierno declaró el EE en varios distritos, incluyendo San Juan de Lurigancho y San Martín de Porres en Lima, y Sullana en Piura (DS 105-2023-PCM) (El Comercio, 25/9/2023), además de más distritos en Piura y Trujillo que ya habían implementado esta medida en 2022 (DS 107-2022-PCM). Esto se suma a experiencias previas en el Callao en 2015 y 2021, con el mismo propósito de combatir la delincuencia y el crimen organizado. Esta investigación contribuirá a varios aspectos de la agenda de investigación en seguridad ciudadana, como la relación entre la policía y la ciudadanía, la efectividad de las intervenciones estatales, la violencia de género y la percepción de inseguridad. Nuestro objetivo es proporcionar evidencia útil para el Plan Nacional de Seguridad Ciudadana 2019-2023 y otras políticas relacionadas con la violencia de género, como la Política Nacional de Igualdad de Género y el Programa Presupuestal Orientado a resultados en materia de violencia contra las mujeres, entre otros.In Peru, the declaration of a state of emergency (EE) has become a common and widely requested public policy measure to address the crime problem. Recently, the government declared the EE in several districts, including San Juan de Lurigancho and San Martin de Porres in Lima, and Sullana in Piura (DS 105-2023-PCM) (El Comercio, 25/9/2023), in addition to more districts in Piura and Trujillo that had already implemented this measure in 2022 (DS 107-2022-PCM). This is in addition to previous experiences in Callao in 2015 and 2021, with the same purpose of combating delinquency and organized crime. This research will contribute to several aspects of the citizen security research agenda, such as the relationship between the police and the citizenry, the effectiveness of state interventions, gender violence, and the perception of insecurity. We aim to provide useful evidence for the National Citizen Security Plan 2019-2023 and other policies related to gender-based violence, such as the National Gender Equality Policy and the Results-Oriented Budget Program on violence against women, among others

Redes sociales y ciberviolencia en las relaciones sexoafectivas entre adolescentes

El estudio en el que se basa este documento examina el papel de las redes sociales en las experiencias de ciberviolencia en relaciones sexoafectivas entre adolescentes de una institución educativa de San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima, Perú). Los hallazgos sugieren que ciertas características de estas plataformas favorecen la continuidad de la violencia de género en entornos digitales. Los discursos adolescentes revelan la persistencia de mitos sobre el amor romántico, así como de normas y estereotipos de género que contribuyen a la reproducción de la ciberviolencia de pareja. Se recomienda fortalecer la prevención primaria de la violencia escolar en línea y fomentar la colaboración intersectorial para abordar esta problemática desde un enfoque de género.El estudio en el que se basa este documento examina el papel de las redes sociales en las experiencias de ciberviolencia en relaciones sexoafectivas entre adolescentes de una institución educativa de San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima, Perú). Los hallazgos sugieren que ciertas características de estas plataformas favorecen la continuidad de la violencia de género en entornos digitales. Los discursos adolescentes revelan la persistencia de mitos sobre el amor romántico, así como de normas y estereotipos de género que contribuyen a la reproducción de la ciberviolencia de pareja. Se recomienda fortalecer la prevención primaria de la violencia escolar en línea y fomentar la colaboración intersectorial para abordar esta problemática desde un enfoque de género

Economic inequalities in adolescents’ internalising symptoms: longitudinal evidence from eight countries

The Lancet Psychiatry, 11(11), 890–98Background: Research, mainly conducted in Europe and North America, has shown an inequitable burden of internalising mental health problems among adolescents from poorer households. We investigated whether these mental health inequalities differ across a diverse range of countries and multiple measures of economic circumstances. Methods: In this longitudinal observational cohort study, we analysed data from studies conducted in eight countries (Australia, Ethiopia, India, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, the UK, and Viet Nam) across five global regions. All studies had self-reported measures of internalising symptoms using a validated scale at two timepoints in adolescence; a measure of household income, household consumption expenditure, or subjective wealth; and data collected between 2000 and 2019. Household income (measured in four countries), consumption expenditure (six countries), and adolescents’ subjective assessment of household wealth (five countries) were measured in mid-adolescence (14–17 years). The primary outcome (internalising symptoms, characterised by negative mood, affect, and anxiety) was measured later in adolescence between age 17 and 19 years. Analyses were linear regression models with adjustment. Effect estimates were added to random-effects meta-analyses to aid understanding of cross-country differences. Findings: The overall pooled sample of eight studies featured 18 910 adolescents (9568 [50·6%] female and 9342 [49·4%] male). Household income had a small or null association with adolescents’ internalising symptoms. Heterogeneity (I2 statistic) was 71·04%, falling to 39·71% after adjusting for baseline symptoms. Household consumption expenditure had a stronger association with internalising symptoms (decreases of 0·075 SD in Peru [95% CI –0·136 to –0·013], 0·034 SD in South Africa [–0·061 to –0·006], and 0·141 SD in Viet Nam [–0·202 to –0·081] as household consumption expenditure doubled). The I2 statistic was 74·24%, remaining similar at 74·83% after adjusting for baseline symptoms. Adolescents’ subjective wealth was associated with internalising symptoms in four of the five countries where it was measured. The I2 statistic was 57·09% and remained similar after adjusting for baseline symptoms (53·25%). We found evidence for cross-country differences in economic inequalities in adolescents’ internalising symptoms, most prominently for inequalities according to household consumption expenditure. Subjective wealth explained greater variance in symptoms compared with the objective measures. Interpretation: Our study suggests that economic inequalities in adolescents’ mental health are prevalent in many but not all countries and vary by the economic measure considered. Variation in the magnitude of inequalities suggests that the wider context within countries plays an important role in the development of these inequalities

Unveiling barriers to women’s access to decent work in Peru

Perú sufre un grave problema de desigualdad de género en el mercado laboral que no puede entenderse considerando únicamente las tasas de empleo. Más bien, es necesario analizar también las condiciones bajo las cuales las mujeres participan en el mercado laboral. Este estudio busca identificar las barreras económicas, legales y socioculturales que enfrentan las mujeres para acceder a un empleo decente. Utilizamos el trabajo formal como indicador de empleo decente y añadimos un indicador innovador de empleo no precario que es relevante en el contexto peruano dado que menos del 25% de las mujeres ocupadas trabajan en el sector formal. Este indicador considera las siguientes condiciones laborales mínimas aceptables: al menos el salario mínimo legal y un número máximo de horas de trabajo legalmente definido. El estudio proporciona una visión integral de las barreras utilizando una metodología mixta que incluye una estimación econométrica de las barreras y entrevistas y grupos focales con mujeres trabajadoras y no trabajadoras. Los resultados muestran que las principales barreras que dificultan el acceso al trabajo decente en Perú están relacionadas con los estereotipos de género tanto en el hogar (donde las tareas domésticas y de cuidado se confían casi exclusivamente a las mujeres) como en el mercado laboral (donde las mujeres sufren discriminación y acoso sexual). Dado que las mujeres necesitan cuidar de sus hijos, y dada la falta de servicios de cuidado disponibles, muchas de ellas acaban aceptando empleos de baja calidad.Peru suffers from a serious gender inequality problem in the labor market that cannot be understood by considering employment rates alone. Rather, it is also necessary to analyze the conditions under which women participate in the labor market. This study seeks to identify economic, legal, and socio-cultural barriers that women face in accessing decent employment. We use formal work as an indicator of decent employment and add an innovative non-precarious employment indicator that is relevant in the Peruvian context given that less than 25% of employed women work in the formal sector. This indicator considers the following minimum acceptable working conditions: at least the minimum legal salary and a legally defined maximum number of working hours. The study provides a comprehensive view of the barriers by using a mixed methodology that includes an econometric estimation of barriers and interviews and focus groups with working and non-working women. The results show that the main barriers that hinder access to decent work in Peru are related to gender stereotypes both in the household (where household and care tasks are entrusted almost exclusively to women) and in the labor market (where women face discrimination and sexual harassment). Given that women need to take care of their children, and given the lack of care services available, many of them end up taking low-quality jobs

Bienestar subjetivo y covid-19 en jóvenes rurales y urbanos del Perú: aproximación cualitativa a las experiencias de Niños del Milenio

La pandemia por covid-19 ha tenido un impacto multidimensional en el bienestar de la población joven en general, y ha sido más grave en América Latina y el Caribe. Utilizando datos longitudinales y cualitativos del estudio Niños del Milenio, las autoras analizan de qué manera un grupo de jóvenes de cuatro diferentes regiones del Perú –que crecieron en condiciones de pobreza– entienden su bienestar, y cómo reflexionan en torno a este tema en un contexto de posconfinamiento y pandemia. Los hallazgos sugieren que, a lo largo del ciclo de vida de los participantes –infancia, adolescencia y adultez–, se observaron permanencias en los elementos constituyentes de su bienestar subjetivo: soporte familiar, acceso a servicios educativos, trabajo, tener una buena situación económica y contar con características individuales de la personalidad. Sin embargo, cada uno de estos elementos guarda relación con la edad, el género, el área de residencia y la situación familiar. Específicamente en lo referido a la pandemia por covid-19, los hallazgos señalan que las percepciones de bienestar subjetivo de estos jóvenes adultos estarían sujetas a sus posibilidades de recuperarse de los diversos impactos que el covid-19 tuvo en sus vidas.The covid-19 pandemic has had a multidimensional impact on the well-being of the youth population in general, and has been most severe in Latin America and the Caribbean. Using longitudinal and qualitative data from the Young Lives study, the authors analyze how a group of young people from four different regions of Peru -who grew up in poverty- understand their well-being, and how they reflect on this issue in a post-confinement and pandemic context. The findings suggest that, throughout the life cycle of the participants – childhood, adolescence and adulthood – permanence was observed in the constituent elements of their subjective well-being: family support, access to educational services, work, having a good economic situation and having individual personality characteristics. However, each of these elements is related to age, gender, area of residence and family situation. Specifically with regard to the covid-19 pandemic, the findings indicate that the perceptions of subjective well-being of these young adults would be subject to their ability to recover from the various impacts that covid-19 had on their lives

Long-term effects of early life rainfall shocks on foundational cognitive skills : evidence from Peru

Economics & Human Biology, 54, 101407Global warming is changing precipitation patterns, particularly harming communities in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs). Whilst the long-term effects of being exposed to rainfall shocks early in life on school-achievement tests are well-established, there is little population-based evidence from LMICs on the mechanisms through which these shocks operate. Executive functions (EFs) are key for children’s learning abilities. This paper analyses the effects of early exposure to rainfall shocks on four foundational cognitive skills (FCSs), including EFs that have been found to be key predictors of educational success. These skills were measured via a series of tablet-based tasks administered in Peru as part of the Young Lives longitudinal study (YLS). We combine the YLS data with gridded data on monthly precipitation to generate monthly, community-level rainfall shock estimates. The key identification strategy relies on temporary climatic shocks being uncorrelated with other latent determinants of FCSs development. Our results show significant negative effects of early life exposure to rainfall shocks on EFs—especially, on working memory—measured in later childhood. We also find evidence of rainfall shocks decreasing households’ abilities to invest in human capital, which may affect both FCSs and domain-specific test scores. Finally, there is suggestive, but not conclusive, evidence that a conditional-cash-transfer program providing poor households with additional financial resources might partially offset the effects of the rainfall shocks

Editorial: Limitations and possibilities of justice in education and the implications for sustainable futures

Global Social Challenges Journal, 3(1), 3-8Las agendas mundiales para un futuro sostenible dependen en gran medida del papel que desempeña la educación en la promoción de la justicia y el cambio de actitudes y comportamientos de los jóvenes. Los artículos de esta colección especial muestran conjuntamente los retos, así como los mensajes de esperanza, para la visión ambiciosa y transformadora de la educación que se promueve cada vez más en los debates académicos y políticos (Naciones Unidas, 2015; Tikly et al, 2020; Kwauk y Casey, 2021; UNESCO, 2022; Mbembe, 2023; Sobe, 2023). Los artículos se han organizado en tres secciones e incluyen contribuciones empíricas y teóricas. Los artículos de la Sección 1 ilustran cómo las experiencias injustas de escolarización desbaratan las expectativas sobre la contribución universalmente positiva de la educación al desarrollo mundial; mientras que los de la Sección 2 reflexionan sobre enfoques alternativos e innovadores de la educación que se basan en el lugar donde viven los jóvenes y conectan con sus experiencias cotidianas para posibilitar el pensamiento crítico. La sección 3 cierra la colección especial con dos contribuciones teóricas que analizan cómo podría replantearse la educación para hacer posible un futuro social y ambientalmente más justo para los jóvenes.Global agendas for sustainable futures rely heavily on the role played by education in promoting justice and changing young people’s attitudes and behaviours. The articles in this special collection jointly demonstrate the challenges, as well as messages of hope, for the ambitious and transformative vision of education that is being increasingly promoted in academic and policy debates (United Nations, 2015; Tikly et al, 2020; Kwauk and Casey, 2021; UNESCO, 2022; Mbembe, 2023; Sobe, 2023). The articles have been organised into three sections and include empirical and theoretical contributions. Articles in Section 1 illuminate how unjust experiences of schooling disrupt expectations about the universally positive contribution that education is making to global development; while those in Section 2 reflect on alternative and innovative approaches to education that are grounded in the place where young people live and connect with their everyday experiences to enable critical thinking. Section 3 closes the special collection with two theoretical contributions that consider how education could be reimagined to enable more socially and environmentally just futures for young people