24 research outputs found

    How does ownership affect farmers’ attitude towards risk?

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    Att försörja en vĂ€xande befolkning med mat Ă€r idag ett allt större problem i vĂ€rlden samtidigt som klimatförĂ€ndringar och marknadssvĂ€ngningar gör lantbrukarens företagande allt mer riskutsatt. Det svenska lantbruket har Ă€ven genomgĂ„tt en strukturrationalisering vilken bidragit till att lantbruksenheter konsoliderats i större enheter med fĂ€rre brukare. Detta i kombination med en vĂ€rdeutveckling pĂ„ fast egendom gör det svĂ„rt för mĂ„nga lantbrukare att Ă€ga mark sĂ„ de vĂ€nder sig istĂ€llet mot arrenden. Att lantbrukare oavsett Ă€goslag utsĂ€tts för risk Ă€r nĂ„got mycket forskning bedrivit pĂ„ genom Ă„ren, men hĂ€nsyn till Ă€goslag Ă€r nĂ„got om saknas i den befintliga litteraturen. Denna studie syftar till att öka förstĂ„elsen kring hur Ă€garstrukturen ett företag pĂ„verkar dess beslutsfattares instĂ€llning till risk och dess riskbeteende. För att uppfylla detta syfte besvaras forskningsfrĂ„gorna Vilka strategier anvĂ€nder sig svenska lantbrukare av för att mitigera produktions- och marknadsrisker vid odling av spannmĂ„l och oljevĂ€xter och Vad finns det för faktorer som pĂ„verkar deras instĂ€llning till sagda risk. En fallstudie med fyra lantbruksföretag genomfördes varav tvĂ„ arrenderade majoriteten av sin mark och tvĂ„ Ă€gde den mark de brukade. För att kunna analysera empirin anvĂ€ndes en teoretisk syntes vilken baseradats pĂ„ teorier kring Riskhantering, Transaktionskostnad samt Beslutsprocesser. Studiens resultat visar pĂ„ att lantbrukarnas riskbeteende och hur risken pĂ„verkar deras beslutsfattande i stora drag bygger pĂ„ annat Ă€n Ă€garstrukturen i företaget. Att diversifiera företaget och skapa nya intĂ€ktsströmmar ses som en stark faktor som kan förklara varför lantbrukaren agerar pĂ„ ett visst sĂ€tt. De alternativa intĂ€ktsflödena skapar förutsĂ€ttningar för lantbrukaren att anvĂ€nda sig av andra försĂ€ljningsstrategier istĂ€llet för att sĂ€lja all vara i skörd, vilket ofta medför bĂ€ttre lönsamhet. Vidare visar resultatet pĂ„ att lantbrukare som har möjlighet att lagra sin fysiska vara vĂ€ljer att göra detta under förutsĂ€ttning att likviditeten tillĂ„ter det. Resultaten visar Ă€ven pĂ„ att lantbrukarna i stor grad undviker att anvĂ€nda sig av finansiella instrument de inte förstĂ„r Ă€ven ifall de skulle kunna bidra till en bĂ€ttre prissĂ€kring. De slutsatser som dragits utifrĂ„n resultaten visar inte pĂ„ nĂ„gon skillnad i riskbeteende eller vilka faktorer som pĂ„verkar beslutsfattarna med avseende pĂ„ Ă€garstruktur i företagen. IstĂ€llet sĂ„ vĂ€ger förmĂ„gan att skapa fler intĂ€ktsströmmar i företaget högre och en förmĂ„ga att utnyttja olika vĂ€rdekedjor i syfte att skapa synergier. En förmĂ„ga att hĂ„lla ett stabilt kassaflöde och en bra likviditet skapar förutsĂ€ttningar för företagarna att förhĂ„lla sig till produktionsrisker pĂ„ ett annat sĂ€tt dĂ„ man har möjlighet att pĂ„verka vissa risker med hjĂ€lp av diverse investeringar. Resultaten frĂ„n dennas studie kan bidra med att skapa en djupare förstĂ„else kring arrendens pĂ„verkan i lantbrukets beslutsfattande. Resultaten visar vidare pĂ„ vikten av att skapa resiliens mot konjunktursvĂ€ngningar och prisfluktueringar genom alternativa investeringar vilka kan kombineras med huvudverksamheten.Feeding a growing population is an increasing global issue as climate change and market fluctuations make the farmers’ business increasingly vulnerable. Swedish agriculture has also undergone a structural rationalization which has contributed to agricultural units being consolidated into larger units with fewer operators. This, in combination with, real estate value growth makes it difficult for many farmers to own land, so instead they turn to leasing. The fact that farmers, regardless of owner structure, are exposed to risk is a field well researched over the years, but consideration for types of ownership is missing in existing literature. This study aims to increase understanding of how the ownership structure of a company affects its decisionmakers’ attitude to risk and their risk behaviour. To fulfil this purpose, the research questions will be answered: what strategies do Swedish farmers use to mitigate production and market risks when growing cereals and oilseeds, and what are the factors that affect their attitude to the said risk. A case study with four agricultural companies was carried out where two leased a majority of their land and two owned the land they farmed. To be able to analyse the empirical data, a theoretical synthesis was used which was based on theories about risk management, transaction cost and decision processes. The results of this study show that the farmers' risk behaviour and how risk affects their decision- making is largely based on something other than the ownership structure of the company. Diversifying the company and creating new revenue streams is seen as a strong factor which can explain why the farmers acts in a certain way. The alternative revenue streams create conditions for the farmers to use other sales strategies instead of selling all goods during harvest, which often leads to better profitability. Furthermore, the results show that farmers with the opportunity to store their physical goods choose to do so provided liquidity allows it. The results also show that farmers largely avoid using financial instruments they do not understand, even if the financial instruments could contribute to better price hedging. The conclusions drawn from the results do not show any difference in risk behaviour or the factors that affect decision-makers regarding ownership structure in companies. Instead, the ability to create more revenue streams in the company weighs greater and an ability to utilize different value chains in order to create synergies. An ability to maintain a stable cash flow and good liquidity creates conditions for entrepreneurs to relate to production risks in a different way, as they have the opportunity to influence certain risks with the help of various investments. The results from his study can help create an understanding of the impact of leases in agricultural decision-making as well as show the importance of creating resilience against cyclical fluctuations and price fluctuations through alternative investments which can be combined with the main business

    Development of a Model for Global Response of Ship Hull During Ramming of Heavy Ice Features

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    Ice-induced global forces that affect a ship’s hull when colliding with heavy ice features are analysed. The objective was to increase the knowledge of what structural loads a ship encounters during Arctic operations and thereby contribute to safer shipping in the Arctic. In the study, a model was created that used recorded motions of a ship when it collided with a heavy ice feature in order to calculate the global forces that affect the ship hull.The motion data were collected by Det Norske Veritas during the Coldtech research project on board of the Norwegian Coast Guard vessel KV Svalbard. To give an understanding and background to the problems that the model needs to handle, the paper includes a brief review of ice-ship interaction and hull monitoring. The model developed is limited to perpendicular collisions and the first impact sequence, since only then the impact location can be considered as known. The forces resulting from the model are compared with the design loads of ice class rules, since the same impact type is considered. The results are also compared with previous work done in the area. From the comparisons it can be seen that the forces calculated with the current model seem to be reasonable as they are in the same order of magnitude. However, more measurements are required in order to fully verify the model and the measured motions

    DIMENSIONERING AV VÄRMEANLÄGGNING

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     SAMMANFATTNING  Projektet Àr gjort pÄ uppdrag av BAR Fastighetsförvaltning AB. BAR har för avsikt att byta ut vÀrmesystemen för tre nÀrliggande hus. TvÄ nya lÀgenheter ska Àven byggas och man ville dÀrför se över möjligheten med en centralt placerad panna i ett nÀrvÀrmesystem. Projektet gick ut pÄ att ta fram en teknisk lösning för denna nÀrvÀrmeanlÀggning och sedan ta in pris frÄn leverantör. Dessutom ville uppdragsgivaren veta om solvÀrme Àr ett ekonomiskt lönsamt komplement till anlÀggningen. Resultatet redovisas i form av en specificerad priskalkyl.  Resultatet blev en fliseldad panna pÄ 50 kW som jobbar mot fem ackumulatortankar pÄ 500 liter styck. VÀrmen transporteras av en cirkulationspump med konstant cirkulation genom PEX- kulvert.  En solvÀrmeanlÀggning med 36 m2 solfÄngare fördelat pÄ de tre husen betalade av sig sjÀlv pÄ sin förvÀntade livslÀngd. Detta i form av minskade brÀnslekostnader. SolvÀrme Àr med andra ord ett lönsamt alternativ.SUMMARY  The project is made on behalf of the company BAR Fastighetsförvaltning AB. BAR intends to replace the heating systems of three adjacent houses. Two new apartments are also planned for construction and therefore BAR wanted to examine the possibility of a heating system with a central boiler. The project was to come up with a technical solution for the system and bring in price from a supplier. In addition, the client wanted to know if solar panels are a profitable supplement to the facility. The results are presented in a price calculation with detailed specifications of the components.  The result was a wood chip boiler at 50 kW with five storage tanks of 500 litres each. The heat is transferred to the tanks by a pump with constant flow through PEX- pipes.  A solar heating system with 36 m2 of solar panels divided over the three houses paid itself off during the life expectancy of the equipment. This in the form of reduced fuel costs. Solar heating is thus considered to be a profitable alternative

    Kvalitet till Max-En undersökning av strategiers betydelse inom företaget Max

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    Sammanfattning Titel: Kvalitet till max – En undersökning om strategier's betydelse inom företaget Max Ämne/Kur's: FEK 582 Kandidatuppsat's, 10 poĂ€ng Författare: Per Nordqvist, David Olhed och Kristin Gren Handledare: Han's Knutsson Företag: Max Nyckelord: Strategi, kvalitet, expansion, differentiering, strategiprocesser, restaurang- och mĂ„ltidsbranschen Syfte: VĂ„rt syfte Ă€r att undersöka, beskriva och analysera vilka strategier som ligger bakom företaget Max framgĂ„ng. Metod: Vi har anvĂ€nt os's av ett kvalitativt tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt dĂ€r intervjuer bidragit till majoriteten av insamlad empiri. Teoretisk referensram: Strategiprocesser, Porter's Five Force's, tjĂ€nstekvalitet, strategiprocesser, de tre generiska strategierna. Empiri: Vi har genom intervjuer fĂ„tt en inblick i Max strategiska arbete och verksamhet. Slutsatser: Den frĂ€msta slutsatsen som vi kommit fram till Ă€r att Max koncept bygger pĂ„ kvalitet. Kvalitet genomsyrar hela organisationen, bĂ„de internt och externt. De flesta av dera's strategiska beslut grunda's pĂ„ kvalitetsaspekten och med kvalitet vinner de kunderna's förtroende

    Benchmarking inom kommunal verksamhet - En fallstudie av Kristianstad kommun

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    Syftet med uppsatsen Àr att beskriva och analysera arbetet med benchmarking inom Kristianstad kommun. Författarna har anvÀnt sig av en hermeneutisk ansats och utfört en kvalitativ fallstudie av benchmarkingarbetet i Kristianstad kommun. Vidare har abduktiv utgÄngspunkt tagits och författarna har studerat teori och empiri parallellt. Data som anvÀnts har bestÄtt av dels primÀrdata som inhÀmtats via intervjuer och men Àven sekundÀrdata i form av verksamhetsrapporter men framförallt den teori som anvÀnts. Det teoretiska ramverket har vÀxt fram under uppsatsens gÄng och anpassats under processen till att inkludera de delar som författarna ansett viktiga för resultatet. De fyra teorierna som valts ut för att beskriva benchmarkingarbete Àr presenterade i den ordning som benchmarking vanligtvis utförs. Exempelvis sÄ Àr konkurrens i mÄnga fall en orsak till att organisationer nyttjar benchmarking genom att jÀmföra nyckeltal med andra organisationer som presterar bÀttre för att lÀra sig nya och bÀttre tillvÀgagÄngssÀtt, och pÄ sÄ vis slutligen fÄ till en förÀndring som ökar effektivitet, lönsamhet, kvalitet eller dylikt. Som svar pÄ frÄgestÀllningen angÄende förutsÀttningar för benchmarking inom kommunal verksamhet, konstateras att med utgÄngspunkt i studien av Kristianstad kommun finns det förutsÀttningar som talar för att benchmarking kan genomföras med framgÄng. Det finns emellertid ett pÄtagligt gap mellan nuvarande jÀmförelsearbete och framgÄngsrikt benchmarkingarbete (sett utifrÄn teorin) och för att Kristianstad kommun ska kunna överbrygga detta gap krÀvs att en del av de i uppsatsen identifierade problemomrÄdena bearbetas

    Capacity Issues in Sweden - Applications and Research

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    This paper gives an overview of the Swedish trunk road system and present objectives, guidelines concerning capacity and level of service procedures to assess these issues in the feasibility and design procedure are also described. An important goal in Sweden is investments and speed limit changes over a 10 year time scale to decrease the C02-exposure. The long term speed limit overview with the objective to require median barriers at speed limits over 80 kph with results so far is presented. By now over 50 % of the former traffic load over 80 kph is decreased to 80 kph. Some 2,700 km have been retrofitted to 2+1 median barrier roads with speed limit mainly 100 kph. An overview is also given of the updated Swedish Highway Capacity Manual with new chapters especially on jam densities, entry lanes, weaving areas and traffic signals. Some interesting research projects are also briefly covered. These are 2+1 median barrier roads, capacities at motorway work zones, speed harmonisation with variable speed limits on motorways to increase capacity, ramp metering and Drive Me (autonomous driving full scale tests)

    Comminuted fractures of the radial head.

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    BACKGROUND: There have been few reports on the long-term outcome of comminuted radial head fractures in adults. METHOD: 10 women and 9 men with a mean age of 45 (21-65) years when they sustained a comminuted fracture of the radial head were re-evaluated after 15-25 years. 6 patients had been nonoperatively (NO) treated while 13 had had a radial head excision. The uninjured elbow served as a control. RESULTS: At follow-up, 11 patients (4 NO patients) rated their fractured elbow as being without deficits, 7 (1 NO) as being slightly impaired, and 1 (NO) as being severely impaired. Range of motion and elbow strength were not impaired, and even though there were more degenerative changes such as cysts, osteophytes, and sclerosis in the injured elbows by radiography, the prevalence of joint space reduction was not higher. INTERPRETATION: Most patients with an isolated comminuted fracture of the radial head treated nonoperatively or with a radial head excision report no or only minor long-term complaints

    Technical feasibility and ambulance nurses’ view of a digital telemedicine system in pre-hospital stroke care – A pilot study

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    Background: High-quality telemedicine in cases of suspected stroke has comparable precision with on-site medical examinations. A novel technical concept was developed in order to deliver a video/audio system to achieve more efficient patient assessment and diagnostic support. Aims and objectives: The aim of the present pilot-study was to evaluate in a clinical setting the quality of a linked image and sound transmission in the prehospital assessment of patients with suspected stroke. In addition, we wanted to elucidate how ambulance nurses experienced the use of this innovative technology. Design: The study used a quantitative method using questionnaires with fixed response options, combined with a qualitative approach to assess complementary statements of prehospital emergency care nurses (PEN)that had used the system. Methods: The study was conducted in one ambulance care office and one hospital in southern Sweden. Six PEN and one neurological specialist (Dr)expressed their perceptions based on 11 cases with suspected stroke. Responses were assessed in the dimensions of the technology (Dr – image quality/sound quality; Dr and PEN), safety, sense of increased control and uniform assessment. A questionnaire technique was used, complemented with a qualitative part of the content analysis (PEN views). Results: In the technology dimension, the Dr evaluated the image quality as Very good to Good (100%)while 75% of PEN answered that the digital stroke concept felt reliable to use and the digital stroke assessment is believed to increase uniform assessment. Asked if the present digital concept should be further developed and if further digital systems should be developed in general, the PEN were split in their responses (50 vs 50%), which could be related to a conception of unclear efficacy of the concept. Descriptions of the decisive comments emerged in three categories; Minor operating interference, Physician's competence crucial and Unclear efficacy. Conclusion: All respondents seem to have confidence in the assessed digital stroke concept. The image quality is perceived suitable in the assessment situation but the nurses expressed ambiguity about the efficiency of the entire concept. The ambulance nurses also highlighted the physician's skills and personality as important factors for further development of the concept
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