Civil Rights - Discrimination in Placement of Low-Rent Housing- Statute\u27s Requirement that Locality\u27s Governing Body Agree to Cooperate with HUD Used as a Shield to Protect Suburbs from Integration by Low Income Blacks

The constitutionality of certain sections of the National Housing Act that required a community to consent to the construction of federally assisted low income housing was challenged. The plaintiffs alleged that the consent requirement gave white suburbs the power to bar this construction resulting in limited low incoming housing offered in predominantly black areas. Plaintiffs proposed that a new agreement between the City of Cleveland and the Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority be reached that would better reflect low income housing needs. At trial, the court rejected the plaintiff\u27s contentions and on remand, the court held that absent a rational basis, suburbs which failed to enter into cooperation agreements were violating the constitution. Unless objections were constitutionally permissible, the court had no alternative but to conclude that the objections were racially motivated and appropriate judicial action would be undertaken. Courts have held that when a statute has a racially discriminatory effect, the courts are to distinguish between racial motivation and legitimate nonracial concerns. Additionally, although a statute is neutral on its face, if it results in housing discrimination then it violates the fourteenth amendment unless it can be justified on reasonable non racial grounds. The court in this case concluded that unless the suburban cities\u27 objections to the CMHA housing plan are constitutionally permissible and meet the compelling interest test, there will be no alternative but to conclude that the suburb\u27s failure to sign a Cooperation Agreement is for a constitutionally impermissible reasons. This decision supports the proposition that if a statute, neutral on its face, is manipulated in a discriminatory manner it may violate the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment

Ajakirjanikud kui ajaloo tõlgendajad, vahendajad või aktualiseerijad. Juhtumianalüüs Tartu rahu kajastamise näitel Eesti Päevalehes ja Postimehes aastatel 2005, 2007, 2009 ja 2010

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to analyse what is the journalists’ role in creating the disquisition of the past: how much journalists themselves are interpreters of history, how much they mediate the interpretations of others and how big is their role in actualizing certain subjects. Thesis is carried out as a case study of Tartu Peace Treatys' anniversarys' media coverage in Eesti Päevaleht and Postimees in years 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010. The methods used are qualitative text analysis and semi-structured interviews with journalists. The sample of text analysis consisted of examples of anniversary journalism in Eesti Päevaleht and Postimees in the years 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010. Additionally, the author interviewed three journalists from Eesti Päevaleht and three from Postimees and one who used to work at Postimees but now works in Maaleht. Firstly, the author found out who mostly speak of history and history-related subjects in media. It turned out, that approximately three quarters of these articles were written by journalists (54 out of 71). The biggest group among speakers and sources were specialists (23 out of 70). The analysis revealed that the role of journalist is hard to define in a clear and unambiguous way. In the texts references to all three roles of journalists were found. The role of journalists depended on the genre of text whereby the least unambiguous interpretations were given by journalists in the news genre and most in editorials. The most important role that the journalists had was bringing up subjects and asking questions, as well as focusing and setting highlights on certain subjects. But they also performed as mediators of others’ statements and less frequently as direct interpreter. Therewith, it is significant that the journalist as the selector of the subject and provider of space is important regarding every media text. These processes have been analysed according to interviews and conclusions have been made, that journalists cherish the novelty of the subject as well as rely on existing narratives. At the same time they are not only autonomous deciders, but are also influenced by several factors. During the analysis it turned out that the most direct interpretations were given in two articles written by the same journalist. This led to the idea that the role of the journalist as the interpreter may depend on the individual. Several aspects on the given subject are worth further research. Firstly, for instance it could be studied what are the processes in editorial boards that precede the publishing of a media text and what factors are important there. It would be reasonable to use the ethnographic observation method. Also it would be interesting to find out how the interpretation of history depends on the journalists and their individual preferences and characteristics and what are the journalists own understandings of their role compared to the role they appear to have in the researched texts.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4075197~S1*es

Pressure-melting of ice

The pressure-melting curve of ice is often found in literature deling with ice problems. This curve originates form the eexcellent experimental works of G. Tammann (1903) and P.V. Bridgman (1912). The method used means that ice at constant temperature is submitted to an external pressure. When increasing the pressure a sudden volume change occurs, the pressure-melting point is reached. Results from their works are summarized in this paper. An alternative experimental method was used in this study. Water is confined in a filled up pressure tank. The water is then cooled from an initial temerature of 0°C. The ice formed creates a pressure incerase in the ice-water mixture. At any temperature a corresponding pressure occurs at phase equilibrium. The temperature and the pressure are measured in the ice-water mixture. The results are in good agreement with earlier measurements. The method used, which is easy to handle even with this prototype equipment, should be more accurate than the old method since one possible source of error (the external pressure) is eliminated. The method could be used for other substances than pure water.Godkänd; 1989; 20070906 (pafi)</p

Geoenergin i samhället : En viktig del i en hållbar energiförsörjning : forskningsläget

With the fi rst oil crises in the beginning of 1970, the Swedish governmentinvested in, at that time, innovative technology using the underground asa source of energy for space heating. By developing these shallow geothermalsystems the goal was to decrease the dependence of oil.The result of these efforts is that some 25 % of the world’s total amount ofshallow geothermal systems is placed in Sweden. Today, heat and cold derivedfrom the underground is the third largest renewable energy source inSweden. It has been estimated that the shallow geothermal systems contributewith 11–12 TWh to the heat supply in Sweden.There is a lack of proper data for calculations of how much thermal energyis captured from the underground. Hence, the statistics shown in this reportare based on reasonable estimates, having the sales of heat pumps as aprime source of information.The Swedish Energy Agency chose not to report the domestic contributionfrom small-scale geothermal plants in Swedish statistics. Only the fi guresfrom the heat pumps in the district heating systems are reported. On theother hand in the statistic reports to EU, the Agency calculates with a significant amount from small-scale ground source heat pumps. This indicatesthat shallow geothermal should be more properly dealt with in the energysupply statistics.The geothermal storage systems are used for combined heating and coolingof commercial and institutional buildings, often in a large scale. Someof these systems are also applied to district heating and cooling as well asin some industries. The unique technology to store thermal energy in theunderground from one season to another makes a great positive impact tothe economy and to the climate.From an environmental perspective, shallow geothermal should be equivalentto solar energy and some other renewables. The electricity needed torun the plants should preferably be evaluated based on current directivesfor calculations of carbon dioxide emissions within each country.Shallow geothermal systems are most often reasonable profi table, lookedupon as short term repayment of the investment. In addition, the user isless sensitive for price changes on the energy market. This is due to thehigh effi ciency of such systems. Evaluated with LCC-analyzes, shallowgeothermal shows even higher profi ts. This is a result of low operatingcosts, low maintenance cost and a long life span.Godkänd; 2012; 20121109 (bon

Condensation of Humidity onto a Snow Covered Roof

Godkänd; 1990; 20070209 (ysko)</p

A large-scale borehole heat store during five years of operation

The borehole heat store in Luleå, Sweden, was built in 1982/83. The store consists of 115, 000 m3 of chrystalline rock. The rock volume is perforated by 120 boreholes to a depth of 65 m of which 3.5 m penetrate the soil. The total active borehole length is 7380 m. The rock temperature varies between 30  to 60 °c during the year. During six month of the summer season 2.0 GWh is charged of wich 50% is recovered during the winter season. The extracted heat is utilized for space heating of one of the university buildings. The research project includes evaluation of the construction work and five years of operation. The measurement programme was completed in May 1988. A final report will be published in the autumn of 1988. The storage system is now in its 6th charging period. This paper gives a brief description of the plant. Experiences from the operation period and operation data of the plant are given.ISBN för värdpublikation: 9061918278</p

Thermal Response Test (TRT) State-of-the art 2011 : IEA ECES ANNEX 21

Proper design of ground heat exchangers in ground source heat pump systemsrequires a good estimate of the thermal conductivity of the ground to avoid oversizing or under-sizing of the ground heat exchanger. A good estimate of thethermal conductivity is also needed when designing a BTES (Borehole ThermalEnergy Storage) system. The ground thermal properties may be measured at aspecific location (in situ) using what is usually referred to as a thermal responsetest (TRT). In such tests, a heat injection or extraction (often at constant rate) isimposed on a test borehole. The resulting temperature response is used todetermine the ground thermal conductivity, and to test the performance ofboreholes. Since the initial mobile test rigs were built in 1995 in Sweden and theU.S.A., this technology has spread to an increasing number of countries.Within the framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA), and theImplementing Agreement on Energy Storage through Energy Conservation(ECES), the overall objectives of the international co-operation project Annex 21“Thermal Response Test” were to compile TRT experiences worldwide in order to identify problems; carry out further development; disseminate gained knowledge; promote the technology.Current report is the result of the work within the Annex 21 Subtask 1 and gives a summary of known thermal response testing activities in the world and the state-of-the-art of the technology until December 2011.Godkänd; 2011; Bibliografisk uppgift: This report is part of the final report of IEA ECES ANNEX 21 on Thermal Response Test (TRT), November 2013. http://www.iea-eces.org/annexes/completed-annexes/annex-21.html ; 20150122 (bon

Heating and cooling applications in Wintercities : a futuristic view

Godkänd; 2000; 20070213 (ysko