A Inovação pós crise - Um estudo da variação das inovações protegidas por patente após as epidemias virais

Não podemos ficar parados em período de crise, inovar é a única saída (Frabasile, 2017). Aproveitando essa afirmação, este artigo evidencia o aumento no volume de inovações protegidos por patentes após as epidemias de H3N2 (gripe de Hong Kong) e a H1N1 (Gripe Suína), de forma longitudinal. O montante de 4,6% do total de inovações médicas concedidas por meio de patentes estão relacionados com as epidemias de gripe estudadas. O relatório da OMS Expenditure in Health as % of GDP foi o ponto de partida para a construção do estudo exploratório, selecionando o campo Tecnologia Médica como ponto de partida. Adicionalmente, foram incluídos dados de outras bases como o PATENTSCOPE e a ESPACENET que contribuíram para quantificar a importância da inovação médica no cenário apresentado. Ao se contrapor ao juramento médico, a patente é uma ferramenta que auxilia na identificação da inovação em bases confiáveis, promovendo a difusão tecnológica qualificada, e a importância financeira das inovações no ambiente foram levadas em consideração, mostrando que investir na pesquisa médica pode auxiliar na busca por uma fatia dos 612,7 Bilhões de dólares que serão gastos em saúde pelas pessoas em 2025 (Fortune business insights, 2019)

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Analysis of the commercialization from the Enem by the three schools better ranked in 2015 from the city of São Paulo.

This work discusses the use of the ENEM ranking by a group of private schools in the city of São Paulo for commercial purposes and explcity through the data obtained from Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP), how the families are led to look for these schools because of the disclosure of results with criteria and deficit of information, starting an "intellectual auction" for the search for scholarships to attend high school. It is well-known that the students' dispute between private schools in São Paulo has been fierce over the years and the transitions made by them tend to happen at the end of the last grade of Elementary School II (9th Year), so, after having done all training in an institution, in the final portion of their preparation, students tend to look for specialized entrance schools and better ranked in the ENEM. We observed that these elements end up distorting the real breadth of the school function that starts to adopt measures to keep its students and just prepare for the entrance exam

EXPONENTIAL ORGANIZATIONS AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN

The objective of this paper is to verify if there is a link between start-ups that have characteristics of exponential organizations and if this growth has a connection with the digital transformation. It is a bibliographic research with a field research based on the theoretical framework in order to understand the influence of digital transformations on ExOs. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to investigate the relationship between ExOs and digital transformation, will be applied to founders and co-founders of six start ups of different segments and sizes, their answers analyzed qualitatively, based on the theories of exponential organizations, would have singularity and abundance. After the analysis it is concluded that of the companies studied, which have strong characteristics of exponential organizations, 100% of them use digital business models (software or platforms) and operate with the strong use of digital tools and agile methods

Opciones de Financiamiento de la Innovación

O presente artigo tem o intuito de debater como são compreendidas as políticas de financiamento à pesquisa e ao desenvolvimento para as pequenas e médias empresas no cenário nacional, além de apresentar os mecanismos de financiamento e seu funcionamento nas políticas de divulgação de massa, para a evolução do parque tecnológico no Brasil. O artigo tem abordagem qualitativa e exploratória, com utilização de instrumento distribuído via web para quantificar quantos eram os conhecedores dos tipos de financiamento, bem como para indagar se utilizaram recursos nacionais ou internacionais, privados ou públicos, bem como se isso afetou o negócio no longo prazo e se buscariam novamente o acesso aos fundos. A pesquisa retornou um resultado de que 64% dos pesquisados não conhecem o que são fundos constitucionais, tampouco suas metodologias de trabalho e funcionamento. O presente trabalho apontou que existem políticas de financiamento à pesquisa e ao desenvolvimento, com regulamentos complexos e burocráticos, porém, de desconhecimento quase que integral dos pequenos e médios empresários entrevistados.El presente artículo tiene el propósito de debatir cómo se comprenden las políticas de financiamiento a la investigación y el desarrollo para las pequeñas y medianas empresas en el escenario nacional, además de presentar los mecanismos de financiación y su funcionamiento en las políticas de divulgación masiva, para la evolución del parque tecnológico en Brasil. El artículo tiene un enfoque cualitativo y exploratorio, con utilización de instrumento distribuido vía web para cuantificar cuántos eran los conocedores de los tipos de financiamiento, así como para indagar si utilizaron recursos nacionales o internacionales, privados o públicos, así como si eso afectó el negocio a lo largo plazo y se buscarían de nuevo el acceso a los fondos. La investigación retornó un resultado de que el 64% de los encuestados no conocen lo que son fondos constitucionales, tampoco sus metodologías de trabajo y funcionamiento. El presente trabajo apuntó que existen políticas de financiamiento a la investigación y al desarrollo, con reglamentos complejos y burocráticos, pero de desconocimiento casi integral de los pequeños y medianos empresarios entrevistado

Anurans of the Parque Estadual do Mirador, a remnant of Cerrado in the state of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil

<div><p>Abstract The Cerrado is one of the most threatened biomes in Brazil. It is estimated that much of its original vegetation has been replaced by some type of human use. This is quite worrying, mainly in the northern part where the number of wildlife inventories is insufficient and creates the false impression of low diversity in the region. The Parque Estadual do Mirador-PEM, located in the south-central region of the state of Maranhão, presents vegetation typical of the Cerrado biome and corresponds to one of 46 priority areas for conservation in the state. Herein, we describe the species richness and composition of the anurofauna from the PEM and analyze the influence of different types of vegetation in its formation. Our inventory was conducted from December 2013 to February 2015, using the active search and auditory census methods on breeding sites in different water bodies of the park. We recorded 31 anuran species belonging to five families (species number in parentheses): Leptodactylidae (14), Hylidae (12), Bufonidae (3), Microhylidae (1) and Phyllomedusidae (1). The rarefaction curve and species richness estimators indicated that the sampling effort was enough to record most of the species in the region. The richness of anurans in the PEM was higher than reported by other authors for several areas of Cerrado. Most species have a wide distribution in Brazil or are strongly associated with the Caatinga or Amazon biomes. Only about 19% are endemic to the Cerrado biome. This study is the first to inventory the anurans species of the south-central region of state of Maranhão and provides important data on amphibian communities from the northern part of the Brazilian Cerrado.</p></div

Characterizing Casca d´anta: an Apocynaceae used to treat tropical diseases in the Amazonian region

RESUMEN Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart. (Apocynaceae) es empleada en la medicina popular para el tratamiento de la malaria y el dengue. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar morfoanatómicamente, histoquímicamente y fitoquímicamente el tronco y la lámina foliar de A. macrocarpon, buscando identificar compuestos secundarios con potencial farmacológico para el tratamiento de ambas enfermedades. Muestras de tallos verdes y hojas de A. macrocarpon fueron recolectados en propiedades particulares en el municipio de Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Las secciones transversales y paradérmicas en los órganos fueron obtenidas a mano libre, con ayuda de lámina de acero, doblemente coloreadas y montadas en láminas histológicas. El material fresco fue sometido a pruebas histoquímicas y fitoquímicas para detección de saponinas, taninos, alcaloides, flavonoides, glucósidos cardiotónicos, antraquinonas, esteroides y terpenos. A. macrocarpon presenta tricomas glandulares, células secretoras y cavidades. Detectamos la presencia de taninos, flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos, glucósidos cardiotónicos y alcaloides, que pueden conferir a esta especie actividad antiplasmódica y propiedades antivirales. El presente estudio fue el primero en identificar aspectos de la composición histoquímica y fitoquímica de ramas jóvenes y hojas de A. macrocarpon que pueden estar asociados al uso popular de esa planta para el tratamiento de la malaria y del dengue en una región de transición entre los biomas Cerrado y Amazonia, donde la malaria y el dengue ocurren endémicamente.ABSTRACT Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart. (Apocynaceae) is used in popular medicine to treat malaria and dengue. The aim of the present study was to morphoanatomically, histochemistry and phytochemically characterize A. macrocarpon young branches and leaves, seeking to indicate secondary compounds presenting medicinal potential to treat these diseases. Aspidosperma macrocarpon young branches and leaves were collected in private properties located in municipality of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Sectional and paradermic sections were set freehand using a steelblade, were doubly stained and assembled on histological slides. The fresh material was subjected to histochemical and phytochemical tests for detection of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiotonic glycosides, anthraquinone, steroids and terpenes. Aspidosperma macrocarpon presented glandular trichomes, cavities and secretory cells. We detected the presence of tannins, flavonoid, phenolic compounds, cardiotonic glycosides and alkaloids, which may confer antiplasmodic activity and antiviral properties to the species. As far as it is known, the present study was the first to identify aspects of the histochemical and phytochemical composition of young branches and leaves A. macrocarpon which may be associated with the popular use of this plant to treat malaria and dengue in a transition region between the Cerrado and Amazon biomes, where malaria and dengue occur endemically

Comportamento da temperatura da pele durante uma meia maratona em ambiente quente sob radiação solar

The objective is to evaluate the skin temperature (ST) in different regions during a half-marathon in a hot environment under solar radiation. The study was carried out in 10 runners aged 33.40 ± 10.04 years, weight of 66.40 ± 9.15 kg, height of 1.71 ± 0.06 m, and VO2peak of 58.57 ± 5, 47mL.kg¹.min¹. The 21km run was carried out on a predetermined route, with an ambient temperature of 27.96 ± 1.70ºC, relative air humidity 76.88 ± 7.49% and Globe and Wet Bulb Temperature Index of 25.80 ± 1.18ºC. The ST measurements were measured before, every 3 km and at the end of the race. For all tests, the level was P &lt;0.05, for comparisons between moments, the one-way ANOVA test was used, with Tukey's post hoc. The average running time and pace were 101: 00 ± 9: 52 minutes and 4: 48 ± 00: 16 min • km-1, respectively. It was observed that the temperature of all skin regions was reduced by 1.35 ± 1.75 °C throughout the race, the temperature of the top of the head was the lowest 31.2 °C ± 2.11 °C and that of the forehead was the highest 33.7 ± 1.35 °C. In our study, the ST decreased, however, the magnitude of the reduction is different, due to the particularity of each region assessed, either by blood flow, number of sweat glands, density of the glands or by exposure to radiation.O objetivo é avaliar a temperatura da pele (TP) em diferentes regiões durante uma meia-maratona em ambiente quente sob radiação solar. O estudo foi realizado em 10 corredores com idades de 33,40±10,04 anos, peso de 66,40±9,15 kg, estatura de 1,71±0,06 m, e VO2pico de 58,57±5,47ml.kg¹.min¹. A corrida de 21km foi realizada em um trajeto pré-determinado, com temperatura ambiente de 27,96±1,70ºC, umidade relativa do ar 76,88±7,49% e Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Bulbo Úmido de 25,80±1,18ºC. Medidas de TP foram mensuradas antes, a cada 3km e ao término da corrida. Para todos os testes o nível foi de P&lt;0,05, para as comparações entre os momentos utilizou-se o teste ANOVA one-way, com post hoc de Tukey. O tempo médio de corrida e ritmo foram de 101:00±9:52 minutos e 4:48±00:16 min•km-1, respectivamente. Observou-se que a temperatura de todas as regiões da pele foi reduzida em 1,35±1,75C° ao longo da corrida, a temperatura do topo da cabeça foi a menor 31,2°C±2,11°C e a da testa foi a maior 33,7±1,35°C. Em nosso estudo, a TP diminuiu, entretanto, a magnitude da redução é diferente, devido a particularidade de cada região avaliada, seja pelo fluxo sanguíneo, número de glândulas sudoríparas, densidade das glândulas ou pela exposição à radiação