Preliminary study on the expression of endothelial cell biology related genes in the liver of dengue virus infected mice treated with Carica papaya leaf juice

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to profile and identify the endothelial cell biology related genes that are affected by dengue virus infection in the liver tissue of AG129 mice, with and without Carica papaya leaf juice treatment. Results The dengue fever mouse model was established by intraperitoneal inoculation of dengue virus, New Guinea C strain at 2 × 106 PFU. Daily oral administration of 1000 mg/kg freeze-dried C. papaya leaf juice (FCPLJ) was done starting from day 1 to day 3 post infection. The RNA was extracted from liver tissues harvested on day 4 post infection. The expression levels of 84 genes related to mouse endothelial cell biology were determined by qRT-PCR technique. Dengue virus infection upregulated 15 genes and downregulated two genes in the liver of AG129 mice. The FCPLJ treatment upregulated monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and downregulated intercellular adhesion molecule 1, integrin beta 3 and fibronectin 1 genes during dengue virus infection. The data showed the potential effect of FCPLJ treatment on the expression profile of endothelial cell biology related genes in the liver of dengue virus infected-AG129 mice. Further proteomic studies are needed to determine the functional roles of the genes affected by FCPLJ treatment

Effect of freeze-dried Carica papaya leaf juice on inflammatory cytokines production during dengue virus infection in AG129 mice

Abstract Background Carica papaya leaves have been used for traditional treatment of dengue fever and have been reported to exhibit an immunomodulatory activity by affecting the level of cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. Due to the lack of adequate in vivo evidence in dengue disease model, the present study was initiated to screen and identify the cytokines affected by freeze-dried C. papaya leaf juice (FCPLJ) treatment in AG129 mice infected with DEN-2 dengue virus. Methods The AG129 mice were fed orally with FCPLJ for 3 consecutive days after 24 h of dengue virus inoculation. Plasma cytokines were screened by using ProcartaPlex immunoassay. The gene expression in the liver was analyzed by using RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Results The results showed that FCPLJ treatment has increased the plasma CCL2/MCP-1 level during peak of viremia. Gene expression study has identified 8 inflammatory cytokine genes which were downregulated in the liver of infected AG129 mice treated with FCPLJ. The downregulated inflammatory cytokine genes were CCL6/MRP-1, CCL8/MCP-2, CCL12/MCP-5, CCL17/TARC, IL1R1, IL1RN/IL1Ra, NAMPT/PBEF1 and PF4/CXCL4. Conclusion The findings indicated the possible immunomodulatory role of FCPLJ during dengue virus infection in AG129 mice

The primers used to genotype the MSP-1, MSP-2 and GLURP polymorphic regions of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates from Kalabakan and Kota Marudu, Sabah.

<p>The primers used to genotype the MSP-1, MSP-2 and GLURP polymorphic regions of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates from Kalabakan and Kota Marudu, Sabah.</p

Distribution of allelic variants of GLURP RII repeat region of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> populations in Kalabakan and Kota Marudu.

<p>Distribution of allelic variants of GLURP RII repeat region of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> populations in Kalabakan and Kota Marudu.</p

The primers used to amplify the microsatellite markers of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates from Kalabakan and Kota Marudu, Sabah.

<p>The primers used to amplify the microsatellite markers of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates from Kalabakan and Kota Marudu, Sabah.</p

The diversity level of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> populations in different transmission settings.

<p>The diversity level of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> populations in different transmission settings.</p

The primers used to genotype the MSP-1, MSP-2 and GLURP polymorphic regions of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates from Kalabakan and Kota Marudu, Sabah.

<p>The primers used to genotype the MSP-1, MSP-2 and GLURP polymorphic regions of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates from Kalabakan and Kota Marudu, Sabah.</p