Water supply and sanitation in Dhaka City.

km2 area and provides residence for about 7 Million people. The city is highly potential for the economic and infrastructural development. Similar to other developing regions, this city also lacks many essential needs. Among others, water supply and sanitation are of great concern. Ground water is the main source of potable water supply to the city. Although many rivers passes through the city and the surrounding areas, due to lack of fund, surface water treatment facilities could not be constructed. As such, the city relies on the naturally purified groundwater. The city is served by combination of separate and combined sewer system; again, which is not adequate for the city. Lack of proper operation and maintenance make the sewer system inefficient. Most of the rain events cause localised flooding due to blocked and inadequate sewer systems. The only centralised municipal wastewater treatment facility located at Pagla is unable to cope with the amount of wastewater received by the plant. Although the city is developing rapidly for the housing, roads and industries, the infrastructure facilities related to the water supply and sanitation are not given due attention; mainly due to lack of financial support. As a result, the rivers are heavily polluted due to municipal and industrial waste discharges. Recently, the historical Buriganga River is cleaned by removing the contaminated sediments. However, if proper wastewater treatment infrastructures are not built and operated properly the river water quality will remain unacceptable. This poster paper is intended to draw attention of the international donor agencies to look into the water supply and sanitation status of the most densely populated Mega City of the world. It is realised that there should be proper strategic plan, legislative setup and allocation of adequate fund to properly design, build and operate the facilities related to water supply and sanitation

Utilization of the white-rot fungus, Trametes menziesii for landfill leachate treatment

The study monitored the characteristics of the leachate collected from ten different landfills and presented the experimental work for the treatment of leachate by immobilized Trametes menziesii. Variation in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) showed that the age of the leachate has a significant effect on its characteristics and composition. The BOD5/COD ratio tends to decrease as the age of leachate increases, varying from 0.71 for a relatively ‘fresh’ leachate to 0.62 for an older (more stabilized) one. Variations in the characteristics of the leachate suggested that these leachates are difficult to treat. The principal pollutants in the leachate samples were organic and ammonia loads. Treatment of leachate using immobilized Trametes menziesii achieved 89.14 and 2.11% removals for leachate BOD5 and COD, respectively. These findings suggested that using immobilized Trametes menziesii can remove promising percentage of BOD and COD leachate

Corrosion study of pipeline material for seabed sediment in tropical climate

Corrosive environments such as marine sediments can cause corrosion to steel pipelines at any time when certain conditions are met. Seabed sediment could cause severe corrosion damage due to its corrosiveness to the pipelines buried under it. Many consequences could take place in case if there is incident in oil/gas pipelines. Successfully identifying elements of corrosion in marine sediment would enhance the future of steel structure protection and monitoring systems. This article focuses on the behaviour of corrosion rate of steel located near shore environment and the aim is to determine the effect of sediment on corrosion of steel. To investigate that, simulated near shore sediment conditions have been used where the steel coupons buried in sediments which have different characteristics. Weight loss technique has been implemented to determine the weight loss rate of the steel specimens. Based on the results of this study, metal weight loss increases as the duration of exposure to seabed sediment environment become longer. The sea sediment simulated condition has given significant levels of corrosion. Conclusively, the corrosion rate of steel in seabed sediment located in tropical region is complicated and further studies are suggested

Performance and cost comparisons for A-PON and S-PON FTTH systems

The high cost of fibers has always been a main concern as to why they have not been deployed in access networks. As the fiber technology is maturing, the costs fibers are slowly decreasing, and hence the above issue is no longer an issue. This paper discusses the performance comparison of A-PON and S-PON FTTH architecture as well as its cost. It is established that the relationship between the fiber span and distributed area offered by S-PON is due to the power enhancement boosted by an amplifier. Meanwhile the cost of S-PON will be reasonable if there are enough users sharing the same feeder line or transmission path

Analysis of Drought Index in Sub-Urban Area Using Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)

The climate change interference and increase of surface temperature have contributed to the changes at the atmosphere that give a significant effect to the availability of water. Malaysia is one of the countries which effected with this event and had been suffered series of drought events in 1997, 1998, and 2014. These problems contribute to the disruption of country’s economic development and quality of life. The using of drought indices for analytical is important and it can estimate the drought affect hat are being experienced accurately. The Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is one of the methods in determination of drought indices. Thus, the objective of this paper is to determine the drought index using the Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for sub-urban river basin which is Pahang River basin. The rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data were obtained from Malaysian Meteorological Department (Met Malaysia) starting from 1988 until 2018 in determining the SPEI value for sub-urban river basin. RStudio software are being used to determine the value of SPEI for different timescale, which is 3, and 12-month. The significant value of SPEI for the river basin are influence by the population, topography, rainfall, and land use. Findings from this study are believed to the mitigation can be proposed to the related organization to take an action in designing, planning, and managing the water supply and to prevent the serious impact on the agricultural and country economic development as well

Analysis of Drought Index in Sub-Urban Area Using Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)

The climate change interference and increase of surface temperature have contributed to the changes at the atmosphere that give a significant effect to the availability of water. Malaysia is one of the countries which effected with this event and had been suffered series of drought events in 1997, 1998, and 2014. These problems contribute to the disruption of country’s economic development and quality of life. The using of drought indices for analytical is important and it can estimate the drought affect hat are being experienced accurately. The Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is one of the methods in determination of drought indices. Thus, the objective of this paper is to determine the drought index using the Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for sub-urban river basin which is Pahang River basin. The rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data were obtained from Malaysian Meteorological Department (Met Malaysia) starting from 1988 until 2018 in determining the SPEI value for sub-urban river basin. RStudio software are being used to determine the value of SPEI for different timescale, which is 3, and 12-month. The significant value of SPEI for the river basin are influence by the population, topography, rainfall, and land use. Findings from this study are believed to the mitigation can be proposed to the related organization to take an action in designing, planning, and managing the water supply and to prevent the serious impact on the agricultural and country economic development as well

Appraisal of urban trees value using Thyer method

Urban tree-planting provides not only environmental benefits, but it also has significant value both socially and economically. Unfortunately, the economic benefits of urban trees are difficult to estimate due to the absence of a well-defined market. A range of methods have been developed to estimate the economic value of urban trees. Hence, this study attempted to appraise the value of urban trees in Kuala Lumpur using the Thyer method. Five hundred and three trees were selected upon consultation with Kuala Lumpur City Hall, and this was followed by field observations, which were carried out with the aim to document tree species, age, circumference, height, crown diameter and tree characteristics. Results indicated that Pterocarpus indicus has the highest value, with an estimated mean tree value of RM972,660. Meanwhile, the mean value per tree was estimated at RM435,851. However, the value of urban trees differs with respect to the physical and qualitative characteristics of the tree

The Interaction Effects of the Factors Influencing Knowledge and Consciousness of the Infectious Diseases: Bangladeshi Population

In this study tabular system of data along with the linear probability models were used to predict the condition of infectious diseases and to identify the impact of influential factors that affect knowledge and consciousness about infectious diseases of the studied population (Here two most important infectious diseases are considered as HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B) level of the people. It can be mentioned that with 10% increase in the respondent’s educational attainment, the consciousness level could also be increased by 1.26%. However, 10% increase in the habit of watching TV can increase the consciousness about HIV/AIDS by 1.26% which is same as the probability of the increment of educational attainment. In the case of the consciousness about Hepatitis B1 (HB1) virus it can be seen that the with the habit of taking protected drinking water as well as with the higher educational enrollment the consciousness level about HB1 is enhanced. It can be mentioned that with 10% increase in the respondent’s habit of taking protected water, the habit of taking HB1 vaccine could also be increased by 1.36%.  However, with 10% increment in the educational attainment can also be able to increase the probability of taking HB1 vaccine which is effective protection measurement in terms of keeping oneself free from HB1 by 0.97%. Keywords: Hepatitis B1, HIV/AIDS, Linear Probability Model (LPM)