History, Studies and Specific Uses of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Treating Epilepsy

How to Cite This Article: Noohi S, Amirsalari S. History, Studies and Specific Uses of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Treating Epilepsy. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2016; 10(1):1-8. AbstractObjectiveIn this study, repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and its specific use for treating epilepsy were carefully scrutinized. Materials & MethodsTarget researches such as review articles, case reports, books and theses, which had to do with therapeutic method of rTMS were surveyed. It is worth mentioning that until the final stages, the search for records and documents related to rTMS went on and in the end, the collected data underwent a qualitative analysis. ResultsAs the literature review suggests, TMS principally applies electromagnetic induction to generate an electric current inside the brain without physical contact. The therapeutic uses of rTMS are for a wide range of mental disorders, namely epilepsy, chronic pains, motor disorders and so on. ConclusionDespite safety concerns and possible side effects, many researchers subscribe to rTMS and see a bright future for it

Identifying the relationship of parenting styles and parent’s perfectionism with normal students’ and gifted students’ perfectionism

Psychologists stated that parents’ functions and behaviors influence the formation of children’s thoughts, behaviors and emotions This study aimed to identify the relationship of parenting styles and parents’ perfectionism with normal students’ perfectionism and gifted students’ perfectionism. The study is a descriptive correlation study. The population consisted of all normal and gifted female high school students of Karaj. A sample of 200 students was selected using random sampling method. Data was collected using Hill’s perfectionism questionnaire and BAUMRIND’s parenting styles questionnaire. Researcher used simultaneous multivariate regression and independent sample t-test methods for data analysis. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between perfectionism of normal student’s parents and perfectionism of gifted student’s parents but there is no statistically significant difference between their parenting styles. There is a statistically significant difference between perfectionism of normal students and perfectionism of gifted students. Results also showed that adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism of students are not predictable based on the perfectionism and parenting styles of parents

Identifying the relationship of parenting styles and parent’s perfectionism with normal students’ and gifted students’ perfectionism

Psychologists stated that parents’ functions and behaviors influence the formation of children’s thoughts, behaviors and emotions This study aimed to identify the relationship of parenting styles and parents’ perfectionism with normal students’ perfectionism and gifted students’ perfectionism. The study is a descriptive correlation study. The population consisted of all normal and gifted female high school students of Karaj. A sample of 200 students was selected using random sampling method. Data was collected using Hill’s perfectionism questionnaire and BAUMRIND’s parenting styles questionnaire. Researcher used simultaneous multivariate regression and independent sample t-test methods for data analysis. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between perfectionism of normal student’s parents and perfectionism of gifted student’s parents but there is no statistically significant difference between their parenting styles. There is a statistically significant difference between perfectionism of normal students and perfectionism of gifted students. Results also showed that adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism of students are not predictable based on the perfectionism and parenting styles of parents

REM Desensitization as a New Therapeutic Method for Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Aim: to evaluate potential efficacy of a new therapeutic approach in posttraumatic stress disorder in comparison with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a standard treatment approach and controls. Methods: the study was designed using a randomized controlled trial methodology. Participants were recruited from military servicemen aged between 25 to 50 years who were admitting hospitals of Bushehr, Iran, with the final diagnosis of PTSD. Finally 33 male patients were devided into three subgroups: G1: EMDR; G2: REM Desensitization; and group 3: controls who received no therapy. Mississippi Scale for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a 37 item death anxiety questionnaire were used for measures. Results: multiple comparisons showed that intrusive thoughts were significantly more likely to improve with REM Desensitization versus EMDR (P=0.03), while depression was more responsive to EMDR (p=0.03). Among the Pittsburgh scale for the quality of sleep items, sleep quality (p=0.02), sleep duration (p=0.001), and total sleep quality score (p=0.002) were significantly more likely to improve in the REM Desensitization group. Change in the absolute death anxiety scores was not different between subgroups excepting EMDR versus control group (p=0.05). Conclusion: REM, desensitization, the new therapeutic approach to PTSD is a highly effective strategy, even more than EMDR, the standard treatment, in most of the evaluated subjects, with special emphasis on sleep symptoms, and also in the management of intrusive thoughts. Depression is the only factor in which, REM Desensitization was significantly less likely to represent a superior therapeutic effect than EMDR. Key words: post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, new treatment

Comparing Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Consanguineous Versus Non-Consanguineous Parents of Children With Deafness in Baqiyatallah Hospital’s Cochlear Implant Center From 2007 to 2009

Background: The birth of a child with a hearing disability is a stressful event in the family. Since consanguineous marriages are associated with the incidence of congenital hearing loss, it is expected that such parents will experience greater psychological problems. Objective: The current study investigated and compared anxiety, depression, and stress in parents of children with severe hearing loss who have undergone cochlear implantation with a focus on the relation between parents (consanguineous vs. non-consanguineous). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all 180 couples (360 individuals) who had become parents and attended Baqiyatallah hospital’s Cochlear Implant Center from 2007 to 2009. The participants included two groups of consanguineous (125 couples) and non-consanguineous (55 couples) parents. After providing consent to participate in this study, the participants completed the short form of the Depression and Anxiety and Stress Scale questionnaire (DASS-21). Data analysis was done using SPSS 17 and t test. Results: The participating parents had high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Depression and anxiety were significantly higher among the consanguineous parents (P=0.001 and P=0.005, respectively). However, stress levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Moreover, compared to the fathers, the mothers had higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress (P Conclusion: Based on these findings, it may be concluded that the birth of a child with hearing loss can be the source of psychological problems in parents, particularly in consanguineous parents. Furthermore, mothers are more psychologically vulnerable than fathers

Prevalence of Epileptiform Discharges in Children with Sensori-Neural Hearing Loss and Behavioral Problems Compared to Their Normal Hearing Peers

How to Cite This Article: Amirsalari S, Radfar Sh, Ajallouyean M, Saburi A, Yousefi J, Noohi S, Tavallaie SA, Hassanalifard M, Ghazavi Y. Prevalence of Epileptiform Discharges in Children with Sensori-Neural Hearing Loss and Behavioral Problems Compared to Their Normal Hearing Peers. Iran J Child Neurol. 2014 Spring 8(2):29-33.ObjectiveOveractivity and behavioral problems are common problems in children with prelingually profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Data on epileptiform electroencephalography (EEG) discharges in deaf children with psychologicaldisorders are so limited. The primary focus of this study was to determine the prevalence of epileptiform discharges (EDs) in children with SNHL and overactivity or behavioral problems.Materials & MethodsA total of 262 patients with prelingually profound SNHL who were referred to our cochlear implantation center between 2008 and 2010 were enrolled in this study. Children with SNHL who had diagnosis of overactivity and/or behavioralproblems by a pediatric psychiatrist, underwent electroencephalography (EEG).EEG analysis was carried out by a board-certified pediatric neurologist. The control group consisted of 45 cases with overactivity or behavioral problems and normal hearing.ResultsOne hundred thirty-eight children with mean age of 3.5±1.23 year were enrolled in the case group, of whom 88 cases (63.7%) were boy. The control group consisted of 45 cases with mean age of 3.2±1.53 years, of whom 30 (66.6%)cases were male. EDs were detected in 28 (20.02%) children of the case group (with SNHL) in comparison with 4 (8.88%) in the control group (without SNHL), which was statistically significantly different.ConclusionIn this study, we obtained higher frequency of EDs in deaf children with overactivity and/or behavioral problem compared to the children without SNHL. Further studies are required to evaluate the possible association of SNHL withEDs in overactive children.References1. Matsuura M, Okubo Y, Toru M, Kojima T, He Y, Hou Y, et al. A cross-national EEG study of children with emotional and behavioral problems: a WHO collaborative study in the Western Pacific Region. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34(1-2):59-65.2. Hindley P, Kroll L. Theoretical and epidemiological aspects of attention deficit and overactivity in deaf children. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 1998;3(1):64-72.3. [No author listed] . Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics 2000;105(5):1158-70.4. Klinkerfuss GH, Lange PH, Weinberg WA, O’Leary JL. Electroencephalographic abnormalities of children with hyperkinetic behavior. Neurology 1965;15(10):883-91.5. Millichap JJ, Stack CV, Millichap JG. Frequency of epileptiform discharges in the sleep-deprived electroencephalogram in children evaluated for attention-deficit disorders. J Child Neurol 2011;26(1):6-11.6. Fonseca LC, Tedrus GM, Moraes C, Vicente Machado A, Almeida MP, Oliveira DO. Epileptiform abnormalities and quantitative EEG in children with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008;66(3A):462-7.7. Venkatesh C, Ravikumar T, Andal A, Virudhagirinathan BS. Attention - deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: Clinical Profile and Co-morbidity. Indian J Psychol Med 2012 ;34(1):34-8.8. Monastra VJ, Lubar JF, Linden M. The development of a quantitative electroencephalographic scanning process for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: reliability and validity studies. Neuropsychology 2001;15(1):136-44.9. Monastra VJ, Lubar JF, Linden M, VanDeusen P, Green G, Wing W, et al. Assessing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder via quantitative electroencephalography: an initial validation study. Neuropsychology 1999; 13(3):424-33.10. Barry RJ, Johnstone SJ, Clarke AR. A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2003;114(2):184-98.11. Magee CA, Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M. Examining the diagnostic utility of EEG power measures in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2005;116(5):1033-40.12. Loo SK, Barkley RA. Clinical utility of EEG in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Appl Neuropsychol 2005;12(2):64-76.13. Venkateswaran S, Shevell M. The case against routine electroencephalography in specific language impairment. Pediatrics 2008;122(4):e911-6.14. Amirsalari S, Ajallouyean M, Saburi A, Haddadi Fard A, Abed M, Ghazavi Y. Cochlear implantation outcomes in children with Waardenburg syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 269(10):2179-83.15. Amirsalari S, Yousefi J, Radfar S, Saburi A, Tavallaie SA, Hosseini MJ, et al. Cochlear implant outcomes in children with motor developmental delay. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012;76(1):100-3.16. Holtmann M, Becker K, Kentner-Figura B, Schmidt MH. Increased frequency of rolandic spikes in ADHD children. Epilepsia 2003;44(9):1241-4.17. Richer LP, Shevell MI, Rosenblatt BR. Epileptiform abnormalities in children with attention-deficithyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol 2002;26(2):125-9.18. Socanski D, Herigstad A, Thomsen PH, Dag A, Larsen TK. Epileptiform abnormalities in children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Epilepsy Behav 2010;19(3):483-6.19. Fonseca LC, Tedrus GM. [Somatosensory evoked spikes and epileptiform activity in “normal” children]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2003;61(3B):793-5. [Article in Portuguese]20. Borusiak P, Zilbauer M, Jenke AC. Prevalence of epileptiform discharges in healthy children--new data from a prospective study using digital EEG. Epilepsia 2010;51(7):1185-8.21. Daneshi A, Hassanzadeh S. Cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf persons with additional disability. J Laryngol Otol 2007;121(7):635-8.22. Dye MW, Bavelier D. Attentional enhancements and deficits in deaf populations: an integrative review. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2010;28(2):181-92.

Sleep disturbance among Iranian combat veterans with Chronic PTSD due to combat trauma

AbstractBacgroundPost traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was first identified among veterans of World War II with a prevalence of 10-67%.It is a disorder caused by the exposure to a traumatic event and characterized by a persistent reexperiencing of the event, persistent avoidance of trauma associated stimuli.Method and materialsWe enrolled the patients whom the diagnoses were confirmed as PTSD according to the Structured Clinical Intrview for DSM-IV (SCID) (American Psychiatric Association 1994) criteria considering non-sleep PTSD symptoms.ResultsAll PTSD patients were male. Mean age (SD) of PTSD patients and control group were 41.36 (5.5) and 40.9 (6.2) years respectively (P>0.05). Table 1 shows the distribution of PTSD patients according to groups of age, education, severity of injury, number of injuries, and years served in war and also their corresponding PSQI scores. Mean PSQI score was not significantly different within mentioned groups (P>0.05). Global PSQ1 score was 4.94 (2.52) and 11.60 (4.21) in control group and PTSD group respectively (P<0.001). All 7 components of Subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, sleep medication and daytime functioning were significantly higher in PTSD group comparing control.DiscussionAccording to our findings, poor quality of sleep is an issue that should be considered in PTSD veterans with more intention. Many of these veterans may benefit from pharmacotherapy. However, different treatment modalities should be studied more

Identifying the relationship of parenting styles and parent’s perfectionism with normal students’ and gifted students’ perfectionism

Psychologists stated that parents’ functions and behaviors influence the formation of children’s thoughts, behaviors and emotions This study aimed to identify the relationship of parenting styles and parents’ perfectionism with normal students’ perfectionism and gifted students’ perfectionism. The study is a descriptive correlation study. The population consisted of all normal and gifted female high school students of Karaj. A sample of 200 students was selected using random sampling method. Data was collected using Hill’s perfectionism questionnaire and BAUMRIND’s parenting styles questionnaire. Researcher used simultaneous multivariate regression and independent sample t-test methods for data analysis. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between perfectionism of normal student’s parents and perfectionism of gifted student’s parents but there is no statistically significant difference between their parenting styles. There is a statistically significant difference between perfectionism of normal students and perfectionism of gifted students. Results also showed that adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism of students are not predictable based on the perfectionism and parenting styles of parents

REM Desensitization as a New Therapeutic Method for Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Aim: to evaluate potential efficacy of a new therapeutic approach in posttraumatic stress disorder in comparison with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a standard treatment approach and controls. Methods: the study was designed using a randomized controlled trial methodology. Participants were recruited from military servicemen aged between 25 to 50 years who were admitting hospitals of Bushehr, Iran, with the final diagnosis of PTSD. Finally 33 male patients were devided into three subgroups: G1: EMDR; G2: REM Desensitization; and group 3: controls who received no therapy. Mississippi Scale for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a 37 item death anxiety questionnaire were used for measures. Results: multiple comparisons showed that intrusive thoughts were significantly more likely to improve with REM Desensitization versus EMDR (P=0.03), while depression was more responsive to EMDR (p=0.03). Among the Pittsburgh scale for the quality of sleep items, sleep quality (p=0.02), sleep duration (p=0.001), and total sleep quality score (p=0.002) were significantly more likely to improve in the REM Desensitization group. Change in the absolute death anxiety scores was not different between subgroups excepting EMDR versus control group (p=0.05). Conclusion: REM, desensitization, the new therapeutic approach to PTSD is a highly effective strategy, even more than EMDR, the standard treatment, in most of the evaluated subjects, with special emphasis on sleep symptoms, and also in the management of intrusive thoughts. Depression is the only factor in which, REM Desensitization was significantly less likely to represent a superior therapeutic effect than EMDR. Key words: post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, new treatment

The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Couple’s Therapy (CBCT) on Marital Adjustment of PTSD–diagnosed Combat Veterans

Background: Impaired marital adjustment has been introduced as one major complication of PTSD. There are controversial results about the role of Cognitive Behavioral Couple’s Therapy (CBCT) on improvement of marital adjustment of PTSD veterans; the efficacy of CBCT on marital adjustment improvement is questioned in some studies and also there are no similar researches about the affect of CBCT on marital adjustment, conducted among Middle Eastern PTSD veterans. These factors motivated us to perform and evaluate our CBCT protocol among Iranian combat veterans. Methods: we enrolled 60 PTSD veterans with low degrees of marital adjustment. They were randomly distributed into intervention and control groups. Both groups have been evaluated for marital adjustment by means of ENRICH scale before and after intervention and the results were analyzed by MANOVA test. Results: The analysis was based on difference of T2 and T1 (T2-T1) where the mean of T2-T1 was -2.63 for control group and 44.9 for intervention group, sum of squares 69552.7, f=95.4 and sig.>000.1. Conclusion: this shows that the prevalence of marital maladjustment is high among PTSD veterans (43%) and the efficacy of CBCT was significant both for veterans themselves and their spouses