Significations et interprétations de la gravité des événements violents : le cas des voies de fait traitées à la Cour municipale de Montréal

Based on the results of an empirical study on the judicial treatment of cases of assault and battery at the Municipal Court of Montreal, this article focuses on one particular aspect of this treatment, the classification of certain acts as infractions. Its object is to describe and analyze the socio-political and juridic factors that can influence the decisions made by the police and prosecutors when pronouncing the charges. By comparing these charges with the legal and extra-legal variables, we see a difference in the classification of similar cases depending on the family or social context. This supposes some difficulty in defining the criminal gravity of acts committed in conflicts involving parties bound by other bonds as well as their case before the court

Combined 3D Scanning PIV and Scanning LIF for flow and phase transfer measurements around a melting particle

Interfacial flow and phase transfer around a melting solid particle were investigated with combined 3D Scanning PIV and Scanning LIF technique. Experiments were carried out with a spherical ice-particle, which was initially shock-frozen from water saturated with fluorescent dye. Flow in a water tank seeded with small tracer particles was investigated, when the ice-particle was released at the water surface in the center of the tank and the melting process began. A scanning light-sheet was generated with a polygonal mirror and flow was recorded with two high-speed cameras with a beam splitter plate. The cameras were equipped with different color filter such that cam#1 recorded only the clean water while cam#2 recorded the molten fluid generated by the heat transfer of the frozen fluorescent ice-particle. This allowed us to record the 3D flow and 3D concentration field simultaneous. The results showed the complexity of induced flow process by the heat/phase transfer and buoyancy interacting with the base flow in the water tank. A small swirl in the tank was enforced by buoyancy-induced vortex stretching and resulted in increasing particle rotation. This self-enforcing process generated a columnar vortex in the wake below the particle which underwent vortex breakdown. Fluid originating from the phase transfer process was accumulated in the vortex

Syntheses of Isoxazoline-Based Amino Acids by Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides and Their Conversion into Highly Functionalized Bioactive Amino Acid Derivatives

The present account illustrates the syntheses of isoxazoline- based amino acids by the cycloaddition of 1,3-dipolar nitrile oxides to the C–C double bond of unsaturated amino acid derivatives, with focus on the regio- and stereoselectivities of the transformations. Emphasis is also placed on the syntheses of highly functionalized amino acids by means of isoxazoline ring opening. The syntheses of various pharmacologically active compounds and their analogues via the above strategies are described

The Madison plasma dynamo experiment: a facility for studying laboratory plasma astrophysics

The Madison plasma dynamo experiment (MPDX) is a novel, versatile, basic plasma research device designed to investigate flow driven magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities and other high-$\beta$ phenomena with astrophysically relevant parameters. A 3 m diameter vacuum vessel is lined with 36 rings of alternately oriented 4000 G samarium cobalt magnets which create an axisymmetric multicusp that contains $\sim$14 m$^{3}$ of nearly magnetic field free plasma that is well confined and highly ionized $(>50\%)$. At present, 8 lanthanum hexaboride (LaB$_6$) cathodes and 10 molybdenum anodes are inserted into the vessel and biased up to 500 V, drawing 40 A each cathode, ionizing a low pressure Ar or He fill gas and heating it. Up to 100 kW of electron cyclotron heating (ECH) power is planned for additional electron heating. The LaB$_6$ cathodes are positioned in the magnetized edge to drive toroidal rotation through ${\bf J}\times{\bf B}$ torques that propagate into the unmagnetized core plasma. Dynamo studies on MPDX require a high magnetic Reynolds number $Rm > 1000$, and an adjustable fluid Reynolds number $10< Re <1000$, in the regime where the kinetic energy of the flow exceeds the magnetic energy ($M_A^2=($v$/$v$_A)^2 > 1$). Initial results from MPDX are presented along with a 0-dimensional power and particle balance model to predict the viscosity and resistivity to achieve dynamo action.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figure

Low-Temperature and High-Pressure Induced Swelling of a Hydrophobic Polymer-Chain in Aqueous Solution

We report molecular dynamics simulations of a hydrophobic polymer-chain in aqueous solution between $260 {K}$ and $420 {K}$ at pressures of $1 {bar}$, $3000 {bar}$, and $4500 {bar}$. The simulations reveal a hydrophobically collapsed state at low pressures and high temperatures. At $3000 {bar}$ and about $260 {K}$ and at $4500 {bar}$ and about $260 {K}$, however, a transition to a swelled state is observed. The transition is driven by a smaller volume and a remarkably strong lower enthalpy of the swelled state, indicating a steep positive slope of the corresponding transition line. The swelling is stabilized almost completely by the energetically favorable state of water in the polymers hydrophobic first hydration shell at low temperatures. Although surprising, this finding is consistent with the observation of a positive heat capacity of hydrophobic solvation. Moreover, the slope and location of the observed swelling transition for the collapsed hydrophobic chain coincides remarkably well with the cold denaturation transition of proteins.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, twocolumn revte

Place Not Of Place: The Moveable Home: A Critique of Suburbia

Home is an architectural construct, one which historically is a product of a specific place. However, as place has become progressively more and more generic, architecturally, socially, communally, so too has the concept of home become more generic and at odds with the individual person. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate an alternative possibility, one which is based on the person as the design impetus. What if home were not about place,but about person? It is the purpose of this project to formulate a response to a uniquely American history, one which is founded on individualism, nomadicism, and self-sufficiency. This tradition stands in stark contrast to the American Suburb as a representation of how Americans live, and thus this project stands as a critique of the American Suburb as an appropriate American home-form. The counterpoint to the Suburban type and method of life is the moveable home, a home built from the inside out, which adapts as location changes, but as a physical manifestation of home presents a stable and nurturing place, not dependent on place, but in place, not just for a person, but from a person

Bound-state relativistic quantum electrodynamics: a perspective for precision physics with atoms and molecules

Precision physics aims to use atoms and molecules to test and develop the fundamental theory of matter, possibly beyond the Standard Model. Most of the atomic and molecular phenomena are described by the QED (quantum electrodynamics) sector of the Standard Model. Do we have the computational tools, algorithms, and practical equations for the most possible complete computation of atoms and molecules within the QED sector? What is the fundamental equation to start with? Is it still Schr\"odinger's wave equation for molecular matter, or is there anything beyond that? This paper provides a concise overview of the relativistic QED framework and recent numerical developments targeting precision physics and spectroscopy applications with common features with the robust and successful relativistic quantum chemistry methodology

Non-Lorentzian single-molecule line shape: Pseudolocal phonons and coherence transfer

The excitation line shape of a single terrylene molecule in a naphthalene crystal has been investigated. In addition to the conventional Lorentzian, it consists of a dispersive component in the core region and a sideband. This is due to a pseudolocal phonon caused by the substitution of a host molecule with the chromophore. When the pseudolocal phonon is excited, the resonance frequency of the chromophore slightly changes, resulting in the appearance of a second, quasiresonant transition. Coherence transfer between these two optical transitions causes the deviation from the purely Lorentzian line shape

Nicole Commerçon et Pierre George (dir.), 1999, Villes de transition

L’ouvrage collectif réalisé sous la direction de Nicole Commerçon (CNRS. Lyon) consacré aux « villes de transition » présente plusieurs analyses concernant le niveau « intermédiaire « d’organisations urbaines régionales, souvent dénommé « villes moyennes « ici plus justement considérées comme des « villes de transition « à bien des points de vue. La préface de P. George, l’introduction de N. Commerçon, ainsi que la substantielle conclusion (avec regard critique sur le contenu) de J.B. Racine,..

Déclinaison sur la recomposition des territoires dans le cadre français

Les territoires sont des maillons à la fois essentiels et fragiles dans les organisations humaines. A partir de nombreux travaux effectués dans plusieurs disciplines qui se rencontrent sur ce concept et les thématiques qui s’y rattachent, l’article retient quelques grands moments de recompositions territoriales dans l’espace français des deux derniers siècles, ainsi que quelques familles de situations actuelles. On s’est efforcé en particulier de relever les interdépendances entre facteurs économiques, sociaux, géographiques et institutionnels intervenant dans leur constitution, leurs évolutions, leurs éléments de cohésion, bref, dans leurs dynamiques. Facteurs au regard desquels s’apprécient les forces et faiblesses, les perspectives favorables ou inquiétantes des territoires, dont l’évaluation constitue une solide contribution de la géographie à l’aménagement-développement.Territories are at once essential and fragile links into human organisations. This article uses numerous works from the many disciplines focused on this concept to review some major examples of french territorial recomposition of the last two centuries, and some similar current situations. In particular an attempt will be made to pick out the interdependence between economic, social, geographical and institutional factors involved in their constitution, evolution, and cohesion, in short, their dynamics. It is the evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses, the positive and negative influences of these factors, that constitutes a robust contribution of Geography to the subject of development.Die Territorien sind grundlegende und zugleich empfindliche Glieder menschlicher Organisationen. Ausgehend von zahlreichen, von mehreren Disziplinen geleisteten Arbeiten, die sich in Konzept und Thematik berühren, hält der Artikel einige grosse Augenblicke territorialer Neuordnung im französischen Raum der letzten beiden Jahrhunderte wie auch aktueller Situationen fest. Insbesondere sollen die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen ökonomischen, sozialen, geographischen und institutionellen Faktoren sichtbar gemacht werden, die in ihrer Konstitution, Entwicklung und Kohäsion, kurz in ihrer Dynamik zusammenwirken. Im Blick auf diese Faktoren können die Stärken und Schwächen, die günstigen oder beunruhigenden Perspektiven der Territorien ermessen werden, deren Bewertung einen soliden Beitrag der Geographie zur Raumordnung und -entwicklung darstellt