Anemia infecciosa equina afeta o desempenho atlético de equinos da região do Pantanal brasileiro

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of equine infectious anemia (EIA) on the physical performance of equines from the Brazilian Pantanal region. A total of 16 males were evaluated, divided into two groups: 8 seronegative (G1) and 8 seropositive (G2) for EIA. Two graded exercise tests were carried out before (T1) and after (T2) 42 days of training. Heart rate, lactate concentration, distance covered, and hematocrit level were recorded. In both tests, G1 covered a greater distance. In T2, G2 had lower hematocrit levels and lower speeds reached at different lactate concentrations and heart rates. The athletic performance of the evaluated equines is affected by equine infectious anemia.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) no desempenho físico de equinos da região do Pantanal brasileiro. Foram avaliados 16 machos, divididos em dois grupos: 8 soronegativos (G1) e 8 soropositivos (G2) para AIE. Dois testes de esforço progressivo foram realizados, antes (T1) e após (T2) 42 dias de treinamento. Foram registrados frequência cardíaca, concentração de lactato, distância percorrida e níveis de hematócrito. Em ambos os testes, o G1 percorreu uma distância maior. No T2, o G2 apresentou menores níveis de hematócrito e menor velocidade obtida a diferentes concentrações de lactato e frequências cardíacas. O desempenho atlético dos equídeos avaliados é afetado pela anemia infecciosa equina.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

Anemia infecciosa equina afeta o desempenho atlético de equinos da região do Pantanal brasileiro

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of equine infectious anemia (EIA) on the physical performance of equines from the Brazilian Pantanal region. A total of 16 males were evaluated, divided into two groups: 8 seronegative (G1) and 8 seropositive (G2) for EIA. Two graded exercise tests were carried out before (T1) and after (T2) 42 days of training. Heart rate, lactate concentration, distance covered, and hematocrit level were recorded. In both tests, G1 covered a greater distance. In T2, G2 had lower hematocrit levels and lower speeds reached at different lactate concentrations and heart rates. The athletic performance of the evaluated equines is affected by equine infectious anemia.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) no desempenho físico de equinos da região do Pantanal brasileiro. Foram avaliados 16 machos, divididos em dois grupos: 8 soronegativos (G1) e 8 soropositivos (G2) para AIE. Dois testes de esforço progressivo foram realizados, antes (T1) e após (T2) 42 dias de treinamento. Foram registrados frequência cardíaca, concentração de lactato, distância percorrida e níveis de hematócrito. Em ambos os testes, o G1 percorreu uma distância maior. No T2, o G2 apresentou menores níveis de hematócrito e menor velocidade obtida a diferentes concentrações de lactato e frequências cardíacas. O desempenho atlético dos equídeos avaliados é afetado pela anemia infecciosa equina

Anemia infecciosa equina afeta o desempenho atlético de equinos da região do Pantanal brasileiro

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of equine infectious anemia (EIA) on the physical performance of equines from the Brazilian Pantanal region. A total of 16 males were evaluated, divided into two groups: 8 seronegative (G1) and 8 seropositive (G2) for EIA. Two graded exercise tests were carried out before (T1) and after (T2) 42 days of training. Heart rate, lactate concentration, distance covered, and hematocrit level were recorded. In both tests, G1 covered a greater distance. In T2, G2 had lower hematocrit levels and lower speeds reached at different lactate concentrations and heart rates. The athletic performance of the evaluated equines is affected by equine infectious anemia.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) no desempenho físico de equinos da região do Pantanal brasileiro. Foram avaliados 16 machos, divididos em dois grupos: 8 soronegativos (G1) e 8 soropositivos (G2) para AIE. Dois testes de esforço progressivo foram realizados, antes (T1) e após (T2) 42 dias de treinamento. Foram registrados frequência cardíaca, concentração de lactato, distância percorrida e níveis de hematócrito. Em ambos os testes, o G1 percorreu uma distância maior. No T2, o G2 apresentou menores níveis de hematócrito e menor velocidade obtida a diferentes concentrações de lactato e frequências cardíacas. O desempenho atlético dos equídeos avaliados é afetado pela anemia infecciosa equina.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

Factors affecting the performance of Pantaneiro horses

This study aimed to assess the physical performance of Pantaneiro horses with and without equine infectious anemia (EIA) under functional conditions of cattle management. The horses were subjected to a performance test and split into two groups according to a completely randomized design: animals were chosen from populations testing positive and negative for EIA. Performance was measured as a function of a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model considering four outputs and one unitary input. The output measures were the distance achieved in the performance test, hematocrit as a weighted average over the test duration, respiratory rate as weighted average over the test duration, and the level of lactic acid at the test termination. Weights for the hematocrit and the respiratory rate output variables were determined by means of factor analysis. The performance score was a weighted average of the output variables with the weights defined by the averages of the optimum individual multipliers in the DEA analysis. Contextual variables of interest were age, horse weight, room temperature, and corporal temperature. Only groups and room temperature were statistically significant effects, as indicated by a bootstrap analysis. The performance of group positive for EIA is significantly lower than that of the group negative for EIA and room temperature has a negative effect.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

Factors affecting the performance of Pantaneiro horses

This study aimed to assess the physical performance of Pantaneiro horses with and without equine infectious anemia (EIA) under functional conditions of cattle management. The horses were subjected to a performance test and split into two groups according to a completely randomized design: animals were chosen from populations testing positive and negative for EIA. Performance was measured as a function of a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model considering four outputs and one unitary input. The output measures were the distance achieved in the performance test, hematocrit as a weighted average over the test duration, respiratory rate as weighted average over the test duration, and the level of lactic acid at the test termination. Weights for the hematocrit and the respiratory rate output variables were determined by means of factor analysis. The performance score was a weighted average of the output variables with the weights defined by the averages of the optimum individual multipliers in the DEA analysis. Contextual variables of interest were age, horse weight, room temperature, and corporal temperature. Only groups and room temperature were statistically significant effects, as indicated by a bootstrap analysis. The performance of group positive for EIA is significantly lower than that of the group negative for EIA and room temperature has a negative effect.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

Peptides ToAP3 and ToAP4 decrease release of inflammatory cytokines through TLR-4 blocking

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules with microbicidal and immunoregulatory activities. In this study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of peptides ToAP3 and ToAP4, AMPs from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus obscurus. To test the peptides’ activity, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) or dendritic cells (BMDCs) were stimulated with peptides plus LPS to analyze their ability to modulate cytokine release as well as phenotypic markers. For antimicrobial analysis, we evaluated the indirect activity against macrophage-internalized Cryptococcus neoformans and direct activity against Mycobacterium massiliense. Our data demonstrate that they were able to reduce TNF-α and IL-1β transcript levels and protein levels for BMDM and BMDC. Furthermore, the reduction of TNF-α secretion, before LPS- inflammatory stimuli, is associated with peptide interaction with TLR-4. ToAP4 increased MHC-II expression in BMDC, while ToAP3 decreased co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86. Although these peptides were able to modulate the production of cytokines and molecules associated with antigen presentation, they did not increase the ability of clearance of C. neoformans by macrophages. In antimicrobial analysis, only ToAP3 showed potent action against bacteria. Altogether, these results demonstrate a promising target for the development of new immunomodulatory and anti-bacterial therapies

Estudo de Paramyxovirus, Mycoplasma e de bacilos Gram-negativos no trato respiratório de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus

Serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus foram avaliadas em três ocasiões: assim que retiradas da natureza e entregues ao Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos (CEVAP) da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, após um período de quarentena e depois da permanência por aproximadamente 90 dias em uma baia externa. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para realização de hemograma e sorologia para Paramyxovirus Ofídico (OPMV), swab de glote e lavado traqueopulmonar, para avaliação citológica e pesquisa de OPMV, Mycoplasma e bacilos Gram-negativos. Nos animais que foram a óbito realizaram-se necropsias e pesquisas dos microrganismos citados em traquéia e pulmão. Cepas de Salmonella, Pseudomonas e Aeromonas isoladas foram submetidas a testes de susceptibilidade a drogas. Na primeira colheita (n = 51), os títulos ao teste de inibição da hemaglutinação foram considerados inespecíficos e duas serpentes foram positivas para o OPMV, ao nested PCR. Na quarentena, nove exemplares vieram a óbito, duas das quais mostraram-se positivas para o OPMV. Na segunda colheita (n = 42), os títulos mantiveram-se, porém nove serpentes foram positivas para o OPMV, duas das quais ao teste de hemaglutinação da cultura de células VERO, tornando-se este o primeiro relato do isolamento do OPMV a partir de um animal vivo. Na baia externa, 24 animais foram a óbito, dos quais 23 foram positivos para o OPMV. Na terceira colheita (n = 18), os títulos variaram de 160 a 5.120, e amostras de todas as serpentes foram positivas para o OPMV. Na avaliação citológica, estes lavados apresentaram elevada celularidade com características de processo inflamatório de misto a macrofágico. Salmonella e Pseudomonas foram isoladas a partir de todas as colheitas, porém Aeromonas apenas de amostras de órgãos. Dentre as drogas testadas, os três gêneros de interesse... .Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes were evaluated in three occasions: as soon as they were captured from nature and delivered at the Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos (CEVAP) - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; after quarantine; and after spent nearly 90 days in an outside enclosure. Blood samples were collected for hematology and Ophidian Paramyxovirus (OPMV) serology, and glottis swabs and tracheal washings for cytological evaluation, OPMV, Mycoplasma and Gramnegative bacilli search. Dead animals were necropsied and the abovementioned microorganisms investigated in trachea and lung. Salmonella, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas isolated strains were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility tests. In the first sampling (n = 51), the titles to the hemagglutination inhibition test were considered negative and two snakes were nested PCR positives to OPMV. During quarantine, nine specimens died, and two of them were positives to OPMV. In the second sampling (n = 42), titles had no change, but nine snakes turned positive to OPMV, two of them in the hemagglutination test of the VERO cells culture, what is the first report of the OPMV isolation from a live animal. In the external enclosure, 24 animals died, with 23 revealing to be OPMV positive. In the third sampling (n = 18), serological titles ranged from 160 to 5,120, and samples from all snakes were OPMV positives. In the cytological evaluation, these washings showed to be highly cellular with features of mixed cell to macrophagic inflammation. Salmonella and Pseudomonas strains were isolated in all three samplings, but Aeromonas only from trachea and lung samples. Among all the tested drugs, the three bacterial genera were susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. The isolation of Mycoplasma was not obtained. Nematodes of the genus Rhabdias were observed in the tracheal washings. OPMV was the microorganism isolated in... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Eficiência do nitrato no desempenho de nadadores da categoria master de endurance no município de São Paulo

The nitrate efficiency in the performance of the masters category in swimmers in Sao Paulo Introduction: It has been shown that nitrate supplementation is beneficial during highintensity exercise, like in swimming, since it causes an increase in potency, in time of exhaustion and improved performance in exercises against the clock. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the nitrate efficiency in the performance of the masters category swimmers in Sao Paulo. Methods: The sample was composed of 11 athletes, of both genders, aged 20 to 55 years. The athletes were subject to two extensive testing, on the first day ingesting 500 ml of water and the other day ingesting 500 ml of beetroot juice, both before training. It was evaluated the level of dehydration and the subjective perception of effort (the Borg Scale). Results: In relation to the Borg Scale, the test ingesting water, 36.3% of the athletes rated the training as extremely intense, while test ingesting beetroot juice, 45.4% classified as intense. In training with water, the average weight loss percentage was 0.97% and the sweating rate was 16.9 ml / min. Already with beetroot juice, the weight loss was slightly lower, 0.93%, and the sweating rate was 15.6 ml / min. Conclusion: The consumption of beet juice can be presented as a positive alternative in the slight improvement of perceived exertion in swimming athletes.Introdução: Tem sido demonstrado que a suplementação com nitrato traz benefícios durante exercícios de alta intensidade, como a natação, pois acarreta um aumento na potência, no tempo de exaustão e melhora no desempenho em exercícios contrarrelógio. Objetivo: O propósito deste estudo foi verificar a eficiência do nitrato no desempenho de nadadores da categoria máster de endurance no município de São Paulo. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 11 atletas, de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 20 e 55 anos.  Os atletas foram submetidos a dois testes exaustivos, no primeiro dia ingerindo 500 ml de água, e no outro ingerindo 500 ml de suco de beterraba, ambos antes do treino. Foi avaliado o nível de desidratação e a percepção subjetiva de esforço (Escala de Borg). Resultados: Em relação à Escala de Borg, no teste ingerindo água, 36,3% dos atletas classificaram o treino como extremamente intenso, enquanto no teste com o suco de beterraba, 45,4% classificaram como intenso. No treino com a água, a média do percentual de perda de peso foi de 0,97% e a taxa de sudorese foi de 16,9 ml/min. Já com o suco de beterraba, a perda de peso foi levemente menor, de 0,93% e a taxa de sudorese de 15,6 ml/min. Conclusão: O consumo do suco de beterraba pode apresentar-se como uma alternativa positiva na discreta melhora da percepção do esforço em atletas de natação

Antiprotozoal Sesquiterpene Pyridine Alkaloids from Maytenus ilicifolia

As part of a bioprospecting program aimed at the discovery of antiprotozoal agents from the Brazilian flora, two new sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids, ilicifoliunines A (1) and B (2), along with the known alkaloids aquifoliunine E-I (3) and mayteine (4), were isolated from the root bark of Maytenus ilicifolia. The structures of 1 and 2 were established on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. Alkaloid 3 displayed potent in vitro antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi, with IC50 values of 1.4 and 41.9 mu M, respectively, as well as low cytotoxicity against murine peritoneal macrophages (IC50 of 1.8 mM).Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Antiprotozoal activity of quinonemethide triterpenes from Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae)

The present study describes the leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of two quinonemethide triterpenes, maytenin (1) and pristimerin (2), isolated from Maytenus ilicifolia root barks (Celastraceae). The compounds were effective against the Trypanosomatidae Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agents of leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease, respectively. The quinonemethide triterpenes 1 and 2 exhibited a marked in vitro leishmanicidal activity against promastigotes and amastigotes with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of less than 0.88 nM. Both compounds showed IC50 lower than 0.3 nM against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. The selectivity indexes (SI) based on BALB/c macrophages for L. amazonensis and L. chagasi were 243.65 and 46.61 for (1) and 193.63 and 23.85 for (2) indicating that both compounds presented high selectivity for Leishmania sp. The data here presented suggests that these compounds should be considered in the development of new and more potent drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease. © 2013 by the authors