N’être plus la déléguée de personne : une réévaluation du rôle des femmes dans le commerce en Nouvelle-France

Les historiens ont eu tendance à réduire les femmes engagées dans le commerce en Nouvelle-France à une poignée de chefs d'entreprise autonomes opérant à grande échelle. La recherche a révélé que ces individus exceptionnels étaient flanqués d'un groupe un peu plus nombreux qui ne jouissait pas de la même indépendance, comptant des femmes déléguées par leurs maris ou des veuves de marchands reprenant l'entreprise du défunt. Cet article offre un survol des livres de compte de la traite des fourrures et de l'économie de guerre, identifiant de nombreuses fournisseuses. Il affirme donc que la mise en marché de biens et de services était une activité quotidienne de toutes sortes de femmes – jeunes filles, épouses, veuves, nonnes – qui en avaient, pour l'essentiel, la direction et qui les combinaient régulièrement à leurs autres tâches.Historians have tended to portray women who were involved in commerce in New France as a handful of large-scale, self-motivated entrepreneurs. The literature presents these exceptional individuals as flanked by a somewhat larger group that was less independent, consisting of wives deputized by their husbands or merchants' widows stepping into the dead man's shoes. This article reviews fur trade and wartime accounts and finds a host of female provisioners. It makes the case that presenting services and commodities in the marketplace was an everyday, largely self-directed activity which all sorts of women – girls, wives, widows and even nuns – conducted on a regular basis alongside their other tasks

Integrating the "New Men's Studies" in the Women's Studies Curriculum

Women's studies educators regard "new men's studies" with understandable ambivalence. Still, they can be valuable. A number of practitioners in this new field express feminist perspectives. Men's studies can contribute a clearer view of women's situation as well as men's. Feminist goals are sometimes advanced by examining and mobilizing both sexes.Les educatrice en etudes feminines considerent les « nouvelles etudes masculines » avec une ambivalence bien comprehensible. Malgre cela ces etudes peuvent etre precieuses. Un bon nombres de praticiens et de praticiennes dans ce nouveau domaine expriment les perspectives fiministes. Les etudes masculines peuvent contribuer a une vue plus claire de la situation des femmes ainsi que celle des hommes. Les objectifs feministes sont parfois avances en etudiant et en mobilisant les hommes et les femmes

Post/documentary: referential multimodality in "Animated Documentaries" and "Documentary Games"

From John Grierson’s influential early definition of documentary as “the creative treatment of actuality” through documentary studies’ reconstruction of the multitude of existing forms to philosophers’ attempts to develop comprehensive accounts of documentary as a specific kind of nonfiction film, the concept of documentary has been both fiercely contested and, through these debates, continuously expanded to refer to an ever more extensive corpus of works. By now, there is a broad consensus that documentary film as a genre cannot be reduced to supposedly “objective” recordings of the “actual world,” as both various kinds of reenactments and sometimes radical forms of subjectivity have (yet again) become well-established elements of many documentary films. However, it would seem that summarily treating “hybrid” documentary films, “animated documentaries,” and “documentary games” as nothing but the most recent chapter of the history of documentary occludes more than it illuminates. Instead, this article proposes to examine “animated documentaries” such as Chicago 10: Say Your Peace (Brett Morgen, 2007) or Waltz with Bashir (Ari Folman, 2008) and “documentary games” such as JFK Reloaded (Traffic Games, 2004) or The Cat and the Coup (Peter Brinson and Kurosh ValaNejad, 2011) through the lens of post/documentary, thus emphasizing not just their semiotic but also their occasionally rather complex referential multimodality

Transmedia characters: theory and analysis

This article sketches a theoretical framework and method for the analysis of transmedia characters that focuses on specific instantiations of these characters in individual media texts, before asking how these local work-specific characters relate to other local work-specific characters or coalesce into glocal transmedia characters as part of global transmedia character networks, thus evading what one could consider an undue emphasis on the “model of the single character” when analyzing the various characters that are, for example called Sherlock Holmes, Batman, or Lara Croft. The connections between these work-specific characters within transmedia character network could then be described as either relations of redundancy, relations of expansion, or relations of modification – with only redundancy and expansion allowing for medial representations of work-specific characters to contribute to the representation of a single transmedia character. In intersubjectively constructing characters across media, however, recipients will not only take into account powerful normative discourses that police the representation of characters across media but also draw on their accumulated knowledge about previously represented work-specific or transmedia characters as well as about transmedia character templates and even more general transmedia character types

\u3cem\u3eRhizobium phaseoli\u3c/em\u3e Symbiotic Mutants with Transposon Tn5 Insertions

Rhizobium phaseoli CFN42 DNA was mutated by random insertion of Tn5 from suicide plasmid pJB4JI to obtain independently arising strains that were defective in symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris but grew normally outside the plant. When these mutants were incubated with the plant, one did not initiate visible nodule tissue (Nod-), seven led to slow nodule development (Ndv), and two led to superficially normal early nodule development but lacked symbiotic nitrogenase activity (Sna-). The Nod- mutant lacked the large transmissible indigenous plasmid pCFN42d that has homology to Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase (nif) genes. The other mutants had normal plasmid content. In the two Sna- mutants and one Ndv mutant, Tn5 had inserted into plasmid pCFN42d outside the region of nif homology. The insertions of the other Ndv mutants were apparently in the chromosome. They were not in plasmids detected on agarose gels, and, in contrast to insertions on indigenous plasmids, they were transmitted in crosses to wild-type strain CFN42 at the same frequency as auxotrophic markers and with the same enhancement of transmission by conjugation plasmid R68.45. In these Ndv mutants the Tn5 insertions were the same as or very closely linked to mutations causing the Ndv phenotype. However, in two mutants with Tn5 insertions on plasmid pCFN42d, an additional mutation on the same plasmid, rather than Tn5, was responsible for the Sna- or Ndv phenotype. When plasmid pJB4JI was transferred to two other R. phaseoli strains, analysis of symbiotic mutants was complicated by Tn5-containing deleted forms of pJB4JI that were stably maintained

Heavy social drinkers score higher on implicit wanting and liking for alcohol than alcohol-dependent patients and light social drinkers

Abstract Background and objectives Automatic hedonic ("liking") and incentive ("wanting") processes are assumed to play an important role in addiction. Whereas some neurobiological theories suggest that these processes become dissociated when drug use develops into an addiction (i.e. "liking" becomes weaker, whereas "wanting" becomes exaggerated; e.g. Robinson & Berridge, 1993), other theories suggest that there is a linear relationship between these two processes (i.e. both "liking" and "wanting" increase equally; e.g. Koob & Le Moal, 1997). Our aim was to examine "wanting" and "liking" in three groups of participants: alcohol-dependent patients, heavy social drinkers, and light social drinkers. Methods Participants performed two different single target implicit association tests (ST-IATs; e.g. Bluemke & Friese, 2007) and explicit ratings that were designed to measure "liking" and "wanting" for alcohol. Results Our results are in sharp contrast with the theories of both Robinson and Berridge and Koob and Le Moal: heavy drinkers had higher scores than light drinkers and alcohol-dependent patients on both the wanting ST-IAT and the liking ST-IAT. There were no differences between alcohol-dependent patients and light drinkers. Explicit ratings mirrored these results. Limitations These findings suggest that our ST-IATs are not valid measures of "wanting" and "liking". Instead, they might assess more complex knowledge regarding participants' experiences and goals. Conclusions These findings suggest that the relationship between drug consumption and appetitive drug associations is not linear, highlighting the importance of testing both sub-clinical and clinical samples in future research.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe