Principali patogeni e difesa

Olive as other woody perennial crops can be affected by several systemic pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and several vector-borne viruses. The most important olive diseases, caused by different pathogens, are described in this text. Pathogen biology, diagnostic technique and control strategies are reported for each disease. The main and widespread bacterial disease, caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, is the olive knot. As concerns the most important and widespread fungal diseases, in this text are described the olive leaf spot, Verticillum wilt, cercosporiosis, anthracnose, fruit rot, parasitic brusca, root rot, sooty mold and wood rot. Infections caused by viruses are generally symptomless and do not result in diseased plants. Although, viruses do not cause detrimental disease on olive varieties, the infected olive trees represent a reservoir of virus inoculum for other crops, where these viruses are known to cause severe disease. Detection of these viruses represent an important critical step in the sanitary improvement of this crop. Recently, molecularbased assays have been effectively implemented to detect at least 8 of the 15 viruses known to infect this crop. Sanitation program using in vitro culture of shoot tip and thermotherapy have been recently described to recover virus-free plantlets.Realizzato nell'ambito del progetto "Ricerca ed Innovazione per l'Olivicoltura Meridionale", finanziato dal MiPAAFMiPAAF - Ministero delle politiche agricole alimentari e forestal

The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits

Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel; P < 5 x 10(-8)), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution.A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiological changes and therap

Reproductive versus floral isolation among morphologically similar Serapias L. species (Orchidaceae)

ISSN:0022-1503ISSN:1465-733

A liderança e coesão grupal no futebol profissional: o pesquisador fora do jogo El liderazgo y cohesión del grupo en el fútbol profesional: el investigador fuera del juego Leadership and group cohesion in professional football: the off-game researcher

Este estudo buscou retratar os efeitos da liderança sobre o funcionamento do grupo; detectar a importância e necessidade de um grupo coeso no futebol profissional; descrever/analisar a relação entre o pesquisador e clube; e apontar as limitações e obstáculos enfrentados durante a pesquisa de campo. De cunho qualitativo e com referencial teórico da psicologia social, sobretudo Kurt Lewin e Pichon-Rivière, este estudo partiu da análise de um grupo de futebol profissional. Dentre as dificuldades encontradas destacam-se: impossibilidade de acesso às situações/locais sugeridos metodologicamente; negativas de entrevistas; rejeição da aplicabilidade do teste de livre escolha. Identificou-se a vontade/necessidade do clube em manter ao pesquisador estas limitações. O vínculo criado e papéis assumidos prejudicaram ainda mais as análises. A percepção da importância da liderança e da coesão do grupo está presente no futebol profissional tendo a liderança situacional e a democrática maior relevância neste contexto específico.<br>Parte de mi disertación de maestría, este artículo tiene como objetivo: retratar los efectos de liderazgo sobre el funcionamiento del grupo; detectar la importancia y la necesidad de un grupo cohesionado en el fútbol profesional; describir/analizar la relación entre el investigador y el club; y señalar las limitaciones y los obstáculos enfrentados durante la investigación de campo. De carácter cualitativo y con referencial teórico de la psicología social, en especial de Kurt Lewin y Pichon-Rivière, este estudio se basó en el análisis de un equipo de fútbol profesional. Entre las dificultades encontradas, se pueden destacar: imposibilidad de acceso a situaciones/locales sugeridos metodológicamente; negaciones a las entrevistas; el rechazo a la aplicabilidad del examen de libre elección. Se identificó la voluntad/necesidad del club en mantener tales limitaciones para el investigador. El vínculo creado y las funciones asumidas han dañado aún más los análisis. La percepción de la importancia acerca del liderazgo y de la cohesión del grupo está presente en el fútbol profesional, teniendo el liderazgo situacional y el democrático más grande relevancia en este contexto particular.<br>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leadership on the functioning of the group; detect the importance and necessity of cohesion in a professional team of footballers; describe/analyze the relationship between the researcher and club; and point the limitations and obstacles found during field research. Following the guidelines of qualitative research and having as a theoretical reference the field of social psychology, with emphasis on studies of Kurt Lewin and Pichon-Rivière, this research came from analysis of a professional football club. The main difficulties encountered were: impossibility of access to places or situations suggested as methodology; the denials for interviews; and rejection of the applicability of a free choice test. The bonds created and the roles taken harmed attempts of further analysis. Perception of the importance of leadership and group cohesion is present in professional football, with situational and democratic leadership being more relevant in that specific context

Inflammatory Cytokines and Biodegradable Scaffolds in Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells Priming

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent stem cells with wide-ranging clinical applications due to their ability to regenerate tissue from mesenchymal origin and their capability of suppressing immune responses, thus reducing the likelihood of graft versus host disease after transplantation. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of sources including bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, and immature teeth. Dental stem cells (DSC) possess progenitor and immunomodulatory abilities as the other MSC types and because they can be easily isolated, are considered as attractive therapeutic agents in regenerative dentistry. Recently, it has been shown that DSCs seeded onto newly developed synthetic biomaterial scaffolds have retained their potential for proliferation and at the same time have enhanced capabilities for differentiation and immunosuppression. The scaffolds are becoming more efficient at MSC priming as researchers learn how short peptide sequences alter the adhesive and proliferative capabilities of the scaffolds by stimulating or inhibiting classical osteogenic pathways. New findings on how to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment, which can prime DSCs for differentiation, combined with the use of next generation scaffolds may significantly improve their therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding DSCs as a potential regenerative therapy, including stem cell priming with inflammatory cytokines, types of scaffolds currently being explored and the modulation of scaffolds to regulate immune response and promote growth