Contrastive Function of Japanese Particle \u3cem\u3eWA\u3c/em\u3e

The Japanese \u27adverbial particle\u27 wa is usually argued to have topic and contrastive functions. The previous analyses on contrastive function of wa have two problems. First, they fail to account for \u27association with contrast\u27 in complex NP. Second, the notion of contrast has not been made explicit enough to account for an asymmetry between contrasts involving and not involving wa. This paper assumes that the basic contrastive meaning is carried by phonological prominence, and argues that wa interacts with such a contrast resulting in a distinct presupposition, following \u27alternative semantics\u27 of Rooth

Re-imagining Public Safety: Prevent Harm and Lead with the Truth

This report is a joint effort between the Center for Policing Equity and the Yale Justice Collaboratory. The goal is to highlight the policies that science and experience say have the best chance to make the most progress towards producing public safety systems that are both effective and align with our values. This is not an exhaustive list. But it does represent the policies we believe should lead the charge towards re-imagining public safety

Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis Nephritis in Children: Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh

Background and Aim: Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV), formerly known as Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP),is the most common vasculitis in children with multiorgan involvement. Renal involvement is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency, clinical profile, and outcome of IgA vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN) in children. Methods:This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Dr. MRKhan Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, over a period of 5years from January 2015 to December 2019. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire form and analyzed by the SPSS software version 20.0. Results:A total of 57cases of IgA vasculitis were admitted of whom 16 (28%) had renal involvement. The mean age was 7.7years. Regarding renal involvement, the majority of the patients (56.25%) had isolated hematuria. All nephritis patients (100%) had purpura and 75% of the patients had severe abdominal pain. The mean hematocrit and the mean platelet count were significantly higher in the nephritis group compared to patients without nephritis (41.49±4.47vs.39.98±5.16, p-value<0.005 and485.51±58.29 vs. 293.89±65.15, p-value<0.001, respectively). The level of complement C3 was significantly lower in the nephritis group compared to patients without nephritis (0.85±0.4 vs. 1.5±0.3, p-value <0.01). The majority (68.75%) of the patients recovered and 18.75% were in remission with immunosuppressant. None of the cases progressed to ESRD. Conclusion:Severe abdominal pain, high platelet counts, high hematocrit levels, and low C3 concentrations are common findings in nephritis. Nephritis resolvespontaneously in most cases but severe nephritis requires treatment with immunosuppressive drugs for remission.   &nbsp

Treatment of Acute Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Dissection with Angioplasty and Stent Placement: Report of Two Cases

Acute vertebrobasilar dissection may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage by rupturing through the adventia or cerebral infarct by progressive occlusion of the true lumen. Recent reports on the endovascular management of this condition have focused on treatment of pseudoaneurysms. We report two cases where angioplasty or stent placement was successfully used to improve compromised blood flow secondary to vertebrobasilar dissection

Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Acute Stroke Care in the Florida-Puerto Rico Collaboration to Reduce Stroke Disparities Study

Background-Racial-ethnic disparities in acute stroke care can contribute to inequality in stroke outcomes. We examined raceethnic disparities in acute stroke performance metrics in a voluntary stroke registry among Florida and Puerto Rico Get With the Guidelines-Stroke hospitals. Methods and Results-Seventy-five sites in the Florida Puerto Rico Stroke Registry (66 Florida and 9 Puerto Rico) recorded 58 864 ischemic stroke cases (2010-2014). Logistic regression models examined racial-ethnic differences in acute stroke performance measures and defect-free care (intravenous tissue plasminogen activator treatment, in-hospital antithrombotic therapy, deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, discharge antithrombotic therapy, appropriate anticoagulation therapy, statin use, smoking cessation counseling) and temporal trends. Among ischemic stroke cases, 63% were non-Hispanic white (NHW), 18% were non-Hispanic black (NHB), 14% were Hispanic living in Florida, and 6% were Hispanic living in Puerto Rico. NHW patients were the oldest, followed by Hispanics, and NHBs. Defect-free care was greatest among NHBs (81%), followed by NHWs (79%) and Florida Hispanics (79%), then Puerto Rico Hispanics (57%) (P \u3c 0.0001). Puerto Rico Hispanics were less likely than Florida whites to meet any stroke care performance metric other than anticoagulation. Defect-free care improved for all groups during 2010-2014, but the disparity in Puerto Rico persisted (2010: NHWs=63%, NHBs=65%, Florida Hispanics=59%, Puerto Rico Hispanics=31%; 2014: NHWs=93%, NHBs=94%, Florida Hispanics=94%, Puerto Rico Hispanics=63%). Conclusions-Racial-ethnic/geographic disparities were observed for acute stroke care performance metrics. Adoption of a quality improvement program improved stroke care from 2010 to 2014 in Puerto Rico and all Florida racial-ethnic groups. However, stroke care quality delivered in Puerto Rico is lower than in Florida. Sustained support of evidence-based acute stroke quality improvement programs is required to improve stroke care and minimize racial-ethnic disparities, particularly in resource-strained Puerto Rico

Efficient Parsing for CCGs with Generalized Type-Raised Categories

A type of `non-traditional constituents' motivates an extended class of Combinatory Categorial Grammars, CCGs with Generalized Type-Raised Categories (CCG-GTRC) involving variables. Although the class of standard CCGs is known to be polynomially parsable, use of variables suggests more complexity for processing GTRCs. This paper argues that polynomial parsing is still possible for CCG-GTRC from practical and theoretical points of view. First, we show that an experimental parser runs polynomially in practice on a realistic fragment of Japanese by eliminating spurious ambiguity and excluding genuine ambiguities. Then, we present a worst-case polynomial recognition algorithm for CCG-GTRC by extending the polynomial algorithm for the standard CCGs. 1 Introduction In Japanese, as in other SOV languages, a sequence of NPs can form a conjunct as exemplified below. (1) John-ga Mary-o , Ken-ga Naomi-o tazuneta. f John-NOM May-ACC g CONJ f Ken-NOM Naomi-ACC g visited "John visited Mary and Ken..

Generative Power of CCGs with Generalized Type-Raised Categories

A type of `non-traditional constituents' motivates an extended class of Combinatory Categorial Grammars (CCG), CCGs with Generalized Type-Raised Categories (CCG-GTRC) involving variables. Although the class of standard CCGs is proved to be equivalent to Linear Indexed Grammars and Tree Adjoining Grammars, use of variables can increase the power beyond these grammars. In order to establish a desired context with respect to computational complexity, this paper shows that there is a subclass of CCG-GTRC which is still weekly equivalent to the standard CCGs. The idea behind the proof is that the behavior of GTRCs can be simulated by appropriately setting the lexicon of a standard CCG. 1 Introduction In Japanese, as in other SOV languages, a sequence of NPs can form a conjunct as exemplified below. (1) John-ga Mary-o , Ken-ga Naomi-o tazuneta. f John-NOM May-ACC g CONJ f Ken-NOM Naomi-ACC g visited "John visited Mary and Ken [visited] Naomi." This type of `non-traditional constituents' po..

A Computational Analysis of Information Structure Using Parallel Expository Texts in English and Japanese

This thesis concerns the notion of \u27information structure\u27: informally, organization of information in an utterance with respect to the context. Information structure has been recognized as a critical element in a number of computer applications: e.g., selection of contextually appropriate forms in machine translation and speech generation, and analysis of text readability in computer-assisted writing systems. One of the problems involved in these applications is how to identify information structure in extended texts. This problem is often ignored, assumed to be trivial, or reduced to a sub-problem that does not correspond to the complexity of realistic texts. A handful of computational proposals face the problem directly, but they are generally limited in coverage and all suffer from lack of evaluation. To fully demonstrate the usefulness of information structure, it is essential to apply a theory of information structure to the identification problem and to provide an evaluation method. This thesis adopts a classic theory of information structure as binomial partition between theme and rheme, and captures the property of theme as a requirement of the contextual-link status. The notion of \u27contextual link\u27 is further specified in terms of discourse status, domain-specific knowledge, and linguistic marking. The relation between theme and rheme is identified as the semantic composition of the two, and linked to surface syntactic structure using Combinatory Categorial Grammar. The identification process can then be specified as analysis of contextual link status along the linguistic structure. The implemented system identifies information structure in real texts in English. Building on the analysis of Japanese presented in the thesis, the system automatically predicts contextually appropriate use of certain particles in the corresponding texts in Japanese. The machine prediction is then compared with human translations. The evaluation results demonstrate that the prediction of the theory is an improvement over alternative hypotheses. We then conclude that information structure can in fact be used to improve the quality of computational applications in practical settings

Efficient Parsing for CCGs with Generalized Type-Raised Categories

A type of ‘non-traditional constituents’ motivates an extended class of Combinatory Categorial Grammars, CCGs with Generalized Type-Raised Categories (CCG-GTRC) involving variables. Although the class of standard CCGs is known to be polynomially parsable, use of variables suggests more complexity for processing GTRCs. This paper argues that polynomial parsing is still possible for CCG-GTRC from practical and theoretical points of view. First, we show that an experimental parser runs polynomially in practice on a realistic fragment of Japanese by eliminating spurious ambiguity and excluding genuine ambiguities. Then, we present a worst-case polynomial recognition algorithm for CCG-GTRC by extending the polynomial algorithm for the standard CCGs