Comparative Analysis of Channel Estimation Techniques in SISO, MISO and MIMO Systems

The ever-growing need for high data rate, bandwidthefficiency, reliability, less complexity and less power consumptionin our communication systems is on the increase.Modern techniques have to be developed and put in place tomeet these requirements. Research has shown, that compared toconventional Single input Single output (SISO) systems, MultipleinputSingle output (MISO), and Multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) can actually increase the data rate of a communicationsystem, without actually requiring more transmit power orbandwidth. This paper aims at the investigation of the existingchannel estimation techniques. Based on the pilot arrangement,the block type and comb type are compared, employing theLeast Square estimation (L.S) and Minimum Mean SquaredError (MMSE) estimators. Pilots occupy bandwidth, minimizingthe number of pilots used to estimate the channel, in orderto allow for more bandwidth utilization for data transmission,without compromising the accuracy of the estimates is takeninto consideration. Various channel interpolation techniques andpilot-data insertion ratio are investigated, simulated and compared,to determine the best performance technique with lesscomplexity and minimum power consumption. As performancemeasures, the Mean squared error (MSE) and Bit error rate(BER) as a function of Signal to noise power ratio (SNR) ofthe different channel estimation techniques are plotted, in orderto identify the technique with the most optimal performance.The complexity and energy efficiency of the techniques are alsoinvestigated. The system modelling and simulations are carriedout using Matlab simulation package. The MIMO gives theoptimum performance, followed by the MISO and SISO. Thisis as a result of the diversity and multiplexing gain experiencedin the multiple antenna techniques using the STBC

LTE Network Planning using the Hata-Okumura and the COST-231 Hata Pathloss Models

This paper takes a look at two of the most common radio propagation models used in determining the radio coverage, with regards to Long Time Evolution, LTE. These models are the Okumura-Hata and the COST-231 Hata models. A comparative analysis through mathlab simulation for both models at different frequencies and base station heights are looked into

GSM – LTE Migration: Deployment Issues for Operators in Developing Countries

The emergence of new applications such as mobile TV and increase in data usage motivated the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to introduce Long Term Evolution (LTE) in 2009 as the latest standard in the mobile network technology. GSM standard has been a remarkably successful 2G technology with large number of subscribers and installed base of infrastructures of above 86% market share. It is a circuit-switched system that has the ability to deliver 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates and divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz time-slots. It operates majorly either at 900MHz or 1800MHz frequency band and uses narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique for transmitting signals. The main advantage of using GSM standard is the ability to allow customers to roam and switch carriers without having to replace their cell phones. LTE on the other hand is a 4G Network that provides higher data rate for subscribers at the same time reducing the cost per bit for service providers and much higher overall capacity to deliver more throughputs and reduced latency. It was designed to support only packet switched services to ensure minimal interference, reduce number of network elements by a simplified architecture and deployable in the spectrum bandwidth ranges from 1.25MHz–20MHz. Due to the variation in the frequency used in different regions, LTE is limited in its state of roaming with operators using different bands. In view of this, it is unlikely that LTE devices will work on other networks than its home network; except the users have phones with multi-band capabilities which can roam freely across the globe. Another challenge that LTE faces is Battery life of the devices. The large number of applications on LTE devices results in 5 -20% increase in power consumption compared to older phones.The use of a powerful battery with very long battery life after each charge is capable of extending talk time of the devices but ultimately increases device cost. This paper discusses the issues affecting the network wide deployment of LTE in developing countries and proffers solution to some of the critical issues

Microstrip Patch Antenna: Comparing Performance of a Rectangular and a Circular Patch at LTE Bluetooth and GSM Frequencies

The demand for smaller, conformable antennas with desired properties has made antenna Engineers to device better ways of making antennas. The patch antenna comes to the rescue, as it provides the features needed in antennas used in the telecoms, meteorological and military industries, where light weight low profile antennas are required. The Microstrip patch antennas comes in different shapes and configuration, the most common being circular and rectangular. This paper takes a close look at the performance characteristics of the rectangular and circular Microstrip antennas , comparing different antenna parameters like directivity, E and H planes Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) vis-à-vis the dimensions and size( area of patch). Five frequencies (0.9Ghz,1.8Ghz ,1.9Ghz and 2.3Ghz and 2.4Ghz) are used in computing the configurations-these frequencies correspond to that of GSM, LTE and Bluetooth ; results from this paper can be used in building practical antennas for phones and laptops or any Bluetooth enabled device

An Overview of Mobile Broadband in 4G Long Term Evolution and Emerging Strategies for Resolving Deployment Limitations in Developing Countries

The role of mobile broadband in the society cannot be overemphasized in the global internet ecosystem. Its deployment and penetration is basically to satisfy end users increasing demand for data services and improve their quality of life. Therefore the need for a fast and reliable mobile broadband connection is an important driver of business and economic advancement of any nation. The increasing demand of data for new applications and request for more services by end users in global mobile competitive market motivated the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to introduce Long Term Evolution (LTE). This unique ability of LTE technology to offer a flexible spectrum support between 1.25MHz – 20MHz bandwidth makes it very attractive to both operators and the subscribers when compared to UMTS with a fixed bandwidth of 5MHz. However, with these vast opportunities lies an array of limitations, restrictions and challenges to both the operators and the subscribers.This paper provides a technological overview of LTE network as well as the challenges and solutions towards its deployment in developing countries

A Comparative Review of Improvements in Long Term Evolution

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is one of the major technologies on the rise in the world as of today. It is a 4G network launched by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE Release 8 was the first standard that launched LTE network with an entire change of radio interface and core network. It was designed to offer higher data rate and capacity over mobile networks to accommodate increase in the number of users and data services. In addition the design was made to support simplified architecture with only packet switched services in order to ensure negligible interference; hence supporting real time application with reduced latency and higher efficiency. Furthermore, the continuous growth in data usage has created a need to take an evolutionary step for an efficient and continuous development of LTE. This step has brought about more upgrades and releases such as 3GPP Release 10, Release 11 and Release 12, otherwise known as LTE Advanced (LTE-A). It is widely believed that this will offer robust management of anticipated growth in network technology. This work reviews the improvements in LTE Advanced technology

The Nigerian Telecommunication Industry: Analysis of the First Fifteen Years of the Growths and Challenges in the GSM Market (2001 – 2016)

The introduction of GSM into the Nigerian market has caused a positive disruption in the national paradigm; this has changed the way people, government and society interact and conduct business. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, the major means of communication were the telegraph, telephony, wireless communication and the use of copper conductors [1]. This paper critically analyse the GSM market under the Nigerian Telecommunication Industry.A profound analysis of the growth of GSM market with existing market challenges from 2001 till 2016 was critically analysed. In this paper, we carried out a lot of research using what past researchers have done as a foundation for this paper. From the advent of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) in 2001, the analysis of the annual growths in terms of subscribers, revenue and market penetration was carried out as well as the causes of the challenges faced by the GSM market and how it played out in terms of loss of subscribers, foreign investments and the cost of operation by the companies. In addition, the impact of the GSM market to the economy of the nation as well as her citizens as it pertains to the growth and challenges faced by the market

The telecom value chain, opportunities and revenues created by the nigerian telecom boom

In Nigeria today, we face a serious economic challenge which is as a result of our swindling primary source of revenue (oil), there is fear amongst our economists which is can Nigeria bounce back to what she once was? Can there be an alternative source to serve as a buffer to what we already have. This study aims to bring to prime focus, an industry which has begun blooming in the background. Despite the publicity and popularity enjoyed by today’s telecom giants in the country, there is very little knowledge pertaining to the tremendous impact that it has had directly or indirectly on our economy over the years. Since the liberalization of the telecom industry that brought about the involvement of private investors into the sector, the opportunities and revenues generated has brought about a tremendous effect on the economy. The telecom sector is only second after the oil and gas industry in the amount of finance it contributes to the federal account. This paper discusses some of the value chains, opportunities, revenue that the telecom industry has brought to Nigeria. It uses data obtained from relevant authorities

Performance Analysis and Modeling of MIMO Systems

In this paper, various channel estimation, interpolation and equalization techniques used in the analysis of MIMO configurations or formats are compared and the technique with the optimum performance determined. The channel estimation of these configurations were determined by modelling and simulating them in a wireless environment using MATLAB software. The figure of Merits used are the BER and MSE as a function of the SNR. The study revealed that MIMO is a more energy efficient technique since it achieved a good BER performance at lower transmit SNR, when compared to the MISO and SISO which requires higher SNR to achieve at same BER performance. This is as a result of the diversity and multiplexing gain experienced in the multiple antenna techniques using the STB

A Review: The Past, Present and Future of Radio Frequency Spectrum in Nigeria, Canada, United Kingdom, Ghana

Since the time of inception of cellular analogue telephony in 1985, there has been an unending improvement taking shape from the first generation to the second generation and now the fifth generation. The cellular mobile concept has been a major transformer of the human existence from the time of Stone Age to the Bronze Age. But this cellular mobile concept needed a system that would enable its technology to be readily accessible, the radio frequency spectrum. With the advancement in the wireless communication, the need for proper sharing of the RF spectrum became an issue since it is limited. The possibility of being able to share this spectrum to house all the forms of wireless communication ranging from mobile telephony, radio and TV broadcasting, broadband links etc. become a top issue in the research work. With this paper, we tend to study the past, the present and the future work done towards achieving a better radio frequency spectrum usage and make some recommendations for future growt