Self-organization of conducting pathways explains electrical wave propagation in cardiac tissues with high fraction of nonconducting cells

Cardiac fibrosis occurs in many forms of heart disease and is considered to be one of the main arrhythmogenic factors. Regions with a high density of fibroblasts are likely to cause blocks of wave propagation that give rise to dangerous cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, studies of the wave propagation through these regions are very important, yet the precise mechanisms leading to arrhythmia formation in fibrotic cardiac tissue remain poorly understood. Particularly, it is not clear how wave propagation is organized at the cellular level, as experiments show that the regions with a high percentage of fibroblasts (65-75%) are still conducting electrical signals, whereas geometric analysis of randomly distributed conducting and non-conducting cells predicts connectivity loss at 40% at the most (percolation threshold). To address this question, we used a joint in vitro-in silico approach, which combined experiments in neonatal rat cardiac monolayers with morphological and electrophysiological computer simulations. We have shown that the main reason for sustainable wave propagation in highly fibrotic samples is the formation of a branching network of cardiomyocytes. We have successfully reproduced the morphology of conductive pathways in computer modelling, assuming that cardiomyocytes align their cytoskeletons to fuse into cardiac syncytium. The electrophysiological properties of the monolayers, such as conduction velocity, conduction blocks and wave fractionation, were reproduced as well. In a virtual cardiac tissue, we have also examined the wave propagation at the subcellular level, detected wavebreaks formation and its relation to the structure of fibrosis and, thus, analysed the processes leading to the onset of arrhythmias. © 2019 Kudryashova et al

Pragmatic aspect of switching of codes in texts of an advertizing discourse

The article deals with the pragmatic analysis of code switching on the basis of comparative study of advertising discourse texts in English, French and Russian in order to find out current trends in the use of the dominant foreign pragmonyms in advertising texts. In determining a communicative intention of the sender of advertising messages the pragmalinguistic analysis allowed to establish basic and extended switching functions. By applying the methods of generalization and comparison, the component and contextual analysis of the language units as part of the context in different matrix languages, the selection of the advertising text, often subjected to code switching, have been identified. Thus, systematization of structural features of code switching in advertising discourse in different languages presented in the study contributes to developing translation aspects of advertising messaging, as well as issues of multilingualism in sociolinguistics. In addition, the analysis of pragmatic functions of switching and structural models and linguistic appearance of pragmonyms allows to more competently create and edit advertising texts for specific target audiences. In general, the technology of the study of the advertising text for linguistic code switching opens further prospects for comparative analysis in this area based on the material of other genres and discourses to more accurately identify pragmatic functions of present code changes

Pragmatic aspect of switching of codes in texts of an advertizing discourse

The article deals with the pragmatic analysis of code switching on the basis of comparative study of advertising discourse texts in English, French and Russian in order to find out current trends in the use of the dominant foreign pragmonyms in advertising texts. In determining a communicative intention of the sender of advertising messages the pragmalinguistic analysis allowed to establish basic and extended switching functions. By applying the methods of generalization and comparison, the component and contextual analysis of the language units as part of the context in different matrix languages, the selection of the advertising text, often subjected to code switching, have been identified. Thus, systematization of structural features of code switching in advertising discourse in different languages presented in the study contributes to developing translation aspects of advertising messaging, as well as issues of multilingualism in sociolinguistics. In addition, the analysis of pragmatic functions of switching and structural models and linguistic appearance of pragmonyms allows to more competently create and edit advertising texts for specific target audiences. In general, the technology of the study of the advertising text for linguistic code switching opens further prospects for comparative analysis in this area based on the material of other genres and discourses to more accurately identify pragmatic functions of present code changes

Pragmatic aspect of switching of codes in texts of an advertizing discourse

The article deals with the pragmatic analysis of code switching on the basis of comparative study of advertising discourse texts in English, French and Russian in order to find out current trends in the use of the dominant foreign pragmonyms in advertising texts. In determining a communicative intention of the sender of advertising messages the pragmalinguistic analysis allowed to establish basic and extended switching functions. By applying the methods of generalization and comparison, the component and contextual analysis of the language units as part of the context in different matrix languages, the selection of the advertising text, often subjected to code switching, have been identified. Thus, systematization of structural features of code switching in advertising discourse in different languages presented in the study contributes to developing translation aspects of advertising messaging, as well as issues of multilingualism in sociolinguistics. In addition, the analysis of pragmatic functions of switching and structural models and linguistic appearance of pragmonyms allows to more competently create and edit advertising texts for specific target audiences. In general, the technology of the study of the advertising text for linguistic code switching opens further prospects for comparative analysis in this area based on the material of other genres and discourses to more accurately identify pragmatic functions of present code changes

Pragmatic aspect of switching of codes in texts of an advertizing discourse

The article deals with the pragmatic analysis of code switching on the basis of comparative study of advertising discourse texts in English, French and Russian in order to find out current trends in the use of the dominant foreign pragmonyms in advertising texts. In determining a communicative intention of the sender of advertising messages the pragmalinguistic analysis allowed to establish basic and extended switching functions. By applying the methods of generalization and comparison, the component and contextual analysis of the language units as part of the context in different matrix languages, the selection of the advertising text, often subjected to code switching, have been identified. Thus, systematization of structural features of code switching in advertising discourse in different languages presented in the study contributes to developing translation aspects of advertising messaging, as well as issues of multilingualism in sociolinguistics. In addition, the analysis of pragmatic functions of switching and structural models and linguistic appearance of pragmonyms allows to more competently create and edit advertising texts for specific target audiences. In general, the technology of the study of the advertising text for linguistic code switching opens further prospects for comparative analysis in this area based on the material of other genres and discourses to more accurately identify pragmatic functions of present code changes

Rights of Underage Patients

The right of Russian citizens to their health protection is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. However, there are peculiarities of the exercise of this right by a minor category of patients. The article analyzes the legal status of a minor patient, considers his social and individual rights in medical care. The peculiarities of the exercise of the child's right to information about the state of his health are revealed, the aspects of deciding on consent or refusal from medical care are considered. Given the fact that minor patients do not have full civil legal capacity, i.e. they cannot be responsible for their health and are not able to protect themselves, the article examines the relationship between the child's right to give his consent to medical intervention with the volume of civil legal capacity, as well as the conditions for the participation of a minor in contractual relations in the field of health care. The authors analyzed peculiarities of the exercise of rights by certain categories of minor patients: those who suffer from mental disorders, orphans and children left without parental care, minors, drug addicts, etc