THE EFFECT OF COMBINATIONS OF ORGANIC MATERIALS AND BIOFERTILISERS ON PRODUCTIVITY, GRAIN QUALITY, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ECONOMICS IN ORGANIC FARMING OF WHEAT

Organic farming often has to deal with a scarcity of readily available nutrients, and this is in contrast to chemical farming which relies on soluble fertilisers. The present study was conducted to ascertain the effect of different combinations of organic manures, rice residues and biofertilisers in organic farming of wheat. The field experiments were carried out on the research farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi in 2006-07 and 2007-08. Treatments consisted of a control (no fertiliser) and six fertiliser treatments, namely, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), FYM + rice residue (RR), VC + RR, FYM + RR + biofertilisers (B), and VC + RR + B. FYM and VC were applied on nitrogen basis (60 kg ha-1), whereas RR was applied at 6 t ha-1. For biofertilisers, Azotobacter, cellulolytic culture (CC) and phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) were used. The combinations of FYM + RR + B and VC + RR + B resulted in the highest increased growth and yield attributing characters of wheat and increased grain yield of wheat over the control by 81% and 89% (Year 1 & Year 2), and net return by 82% and 73%. These combinations were significantly superior to all other combinations for all the growth and yield parameters, yield, net profit and grain quality of wheat. The results of this study show that VC + RR + B was the most productive treatment, while FYM + RR + B was the most economical treatment with respect to increasing net profit. This was because of the higher price of vermicompost compared with FYM. Both of these combinations resulted in improved grain quality and nutrient uptake by grain. The present study thus indicates that a combination of FYM + RR + biofertilisers or VC + RR + biofertilisers hold promise for organic wheat farming

A Study of Teaching Competency in Relation with Attitude Towards Creative Teaching of B.Ed. Trainee-teachers

This paper is a study of the relation of teaching competency to the attitude towards creative teaching of trainee-teachers for Himalayan region. Due to technological interventions the world is changing quickly, a teacher requires to teach effectively with creative ideology in order to students make perfect for the competitive world. Competent teacher always requires creative teaching &continuous efforts on the development of new trends of teaching. Himalayan regions each levels of educational institutions news very sad to teacher’s services has affected by geographical barriers i.e. extreme and remote areas located regions of Himalayan Garhwal territories. Teaching involves various skills, ideas, thinking and important determinant are teaching can be made creatively, its how teacher learns and succeed in real class room situations. The present study has conducted on the sample of 264 B.Ed. trainee-teachers in various teachers training institutions. General Teaching Competency Scale developed by Dr. B.K. Passi and M.S. Lalita (1994) and Attitude scale towards creative teaching has developed by Dr. R.P. Shukla (2012) used to collect the data administer on two years B.Ed. training programme. During school internship regular teaching classes of B.Ed. programme was scheduled, Micro and Macro teaching skill demonstration as theory were taught bytrainee-teachers as a part of their third semester. The collected data analyzed with statistics of mean, SD, t-test and correlation of Pearson-r used for the descriptive research. The results in this study revealed that Teaching Competency and attitude towards creative teaching has difference exists in percentage of trainee-teachers. The teaching competency of trainee-teachers is founda significance differences between the Pedagogical groups. Attitude of trainee-teachers towards creative teaching mean have significant difference exists in their Gender, Caste, and Qualifications bases. The influence of teacher training programme on attitude towards creative teaching of Science stream is highest with the comparison of Humanities streams trainee-teachers. Find a positive relation in teaching competency with attitude of trainee teachers towards their creative teaching. Keywords: Teaching Competency, Creative Attitude, trainee-teachers and Himalayan region institutions

Estimation of permeability of shaly sand from Induced Polarization relaxation time spectra

The Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method is used to invert induced polarization (IP) decay curve for the IP relaxation time spectrum. A nonnegative restriction is added during inversion for meaningful solution of the amplitude of the relaxation spectrum. The analysis of the experiment design, by comparing results in different range, shows that the appropriate number of relaxation arrangement points in data inversion lies with 32 to 64. The attenuation of noise in this range is better and resolution is good. IP relaxation spectrum indicates the pore size distribution that in turn indicates the permeability of shaly sand reservoir. Combining the average relaxation time (geometric average time) with the porosity can improve the accuracy of estimation of the permeability in comparison to that obtained using total porosity from core measurements

3-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)-2-(4-methoxy­phen­oxy)-4-oxo-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-7-carbonitrile

There are two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C26H17FN4O3, which differ in the dihedral angles between the aromatic rings (fluorophenyl, phenyl) and the pyrrolopyrimidine rings [0.6 (3)/76.3° and 73.7 (3)/64.6°, respectively]. The crystal structure is mainly stabilized by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F inter­actions

Opća jednadžba za neposrednu inverznu shemu podataka vertikalnog električnog sondiranja

A unified apparent resistivity equation is derived encompassing eight electrode configurations for Straightforward Inversion Scheme (SIS) on Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data. Suitable parameters are worked out to convert unified equation to a particular configuration viz. Wenner, Pole-Pole, Schlumberger, Pole-Dipole, Radial Dipole, Perpendicular Dipole, Parallel Dipole and Azimuthal Dipole. The derived equation is validated by forward computations of VES data for a 5-layer earth model that compares well with that of VES data obtained using existing individual equations for a particular configuration. SIS scheme is briefly described and a Schlumberger synthetic sounding data is generated using the unified equation over model riddled with equivalence /suppression and subsequently inverted using SIS to show the resolving power of the scheme via-a-vis low resistivity contrast between the layers. Two examples of field Schlumberger soundings from known lithology on a paleochannel in Mario Island in Northern Brazil are also included and the inverted continuous resistivity variation is presented to show the efficacy of the scheme.Izvedena je opća jednadžba za prividnu otpornost koja uključuje osam konfiguracija elektroda primjenjenih za neposrednu inverznu shemu (Straightforward Inversion Scheme (SIS)) podataka vertikalnog električnog sondiranja (VES). Nađeni su odgovarajući parametri koji omogućuju primjenu opće jednadžbe za određenu konfiguraciju (Wenner, pol-pol, Schlumberger, pol-dipol, radijalan dipol, okomit dipol, paralelni dipol i azimutalni dipol). Izračun za VES podatke za 5-slojni model podzemlja, dobro se slaže s podacima dobivenim upotrebom postojećih individualnih jednadžbi za određenu konfiguraciju, čime potvrđuje dobivenu jednadžbu. Opisana su dva primjera Schlumbergerovog sondiranja polja poznate litologije na paleo-kanalu na Mario otoku u sjevernom Brazilu i prikazana je varijacija invertiranog kontinuiranog otpora kako bi se pokazala efikasnost sheme

Efficient two-dimensional magnetotellurics modelling using implicitly restarted Lanczos method

This paper presents an efficient algorithm, FDA2DMT (Free Decay Analysis for 2D Magnetotellurics (MT)), based on eigenmode approach to solve the relevant partial differential equation, for forward computation of two-dimensional (2D) responses. The main advantage of this approach lies in the fact that only a small subset of eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors are required for satisfactory results. This small subset (pre-specified number) of eigenmodes are obtained using shift and invert implementation of Implicitly Restarted Lanczos Method (IRLM). It has been established by experimentation that only 15-20% smallest eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvectors are sufficient to secure the acceptable accuracy. Once the single frequency response is computed using eigenmode approach, the responses for subsequent frequencies can be obtained in negligible time. Experiment design results for validation of FDA2DMT are presented by considering two synthetic models from COMMEMI report, Brewitt-Taylor and Weaver (1976) model and a field data based model from Garhwal Himalaya