最近の經濟學界

Size spectrum models have emerged from 40 years of basic research on how body size determines individual physiology and structures marine communities. They are based on commonly accepted assumptions and have a low parameter set, which make them easy to deploy for strategic ecosystem oriented impact assessment of fisheries. We describe the fundamental concepts in size-based models about food encounter and the bioenergetics budget of individuals. Within the general framework three model types have emerged that differs in their degree of complexity: the food-web, the trait-based and the community model. We demonstrate the differences between the models through examples of their response to fishing and their dynamic behavior. We review implementations of size spectrum models and describe important variations concerning the functional response, whether growth is food-dependent or fixed, and the density-dependence imposed on the system. Finally we discuss challenges and promising directions.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Study of Transitions between Wetting States on Microcavity Arrays by Optical Transmission Microscopy

In this article, we present a simple and fast optical method based on transmission microscopy to study the stochastic wetting transitions on micro- and nanostructured polymer surfaces immersed in water. We analyze the influence of immersion time and the liquid pressure on the degree of water intrusion in individual microcavities on these surfaces as well as the lifespan of their superhydrophobicity. We show that transitions among the three wetting states (Cassie, Cassie-impregnating, and Wenzel) occur with a certain pressure threshold (300 mbar for a microcavity diameter of 7.5 μm). Below this threshold, the transitions between the Cassie and the Cassie-impregnating states are reversible, whereas above this threshold, irreversible transitions to the Wenzel state start to occur. The transitions between the different wetting states can be explained by taking into account both the Young–Laplace equation for the water menisci in the cavities and the diffusion of dissolved gas molecules in the water. In addition, the wetting transitions had a stochastic nature, which resulted from the short diffusion distance for dissolved gas molecules in the water between neighboring cavities. Furthermore, we compared the contact angle properties of two polymeric materials (COC and PP) with moderate hydrophobicity. We attributed the difference in the water repellency of the two materials to a difference in the wetting of their nanostructures. Our experimental observations thus indicate that both the diffusion of gas molecules in water and the wetting properties of nanostructures are important for understanding the sustainability of superhydrophobicity of surfaces under water and for improving the structural design of superhydrophobic surfaces

Antidepressant prescriptions and associated factors in men with prostate cancer and their female partners

PURPOSE: To estimate the risk of first-time antidepressant prescriptions as a proxy for depression or anxiety and associated risk factors in patients with prostate cancer and their female partners. METHODS: We followed all men (n = 25,126) and their female cohabiting partners (n = 8785) without a history of cancer or antidepressants from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort from 1997 to 2014 or 2010, respectively. We estimated the cumulative incidence of first-time antidepressant prescriptions in men with prostate cancer compared with cancer-free men and their respective female partners, using the Danish National Prescription Registry. Sociodemographic, lifestyle-related, and clinical risk factors were assessed using Cox regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1828 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer of whom 15% received antidepressants. The unadjusted hazard ratio of antidepressant prescription was 2.18 (95%CI, 1.92, 2.48) for men with prostate cancer and 1.27 (95%CI, 0.87, 1.85) for their partners, compared with cancer-free men and their partners, respectively. After adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle-related, and comorbidity factors, this risk was 2-fold to 4-fold increased among patients, but not significantly increased among partners. Significant risk factors among patients were curative and palliative treatment (vs. active surveillance and watchful waiting), nonlocalized disease, and short education. CONCLUSIONS: Men with prostate cancer have a higher risk of receiving antidepressant medication than cancer-free men. Clinical characteristics can help clinicians in identifying patients at a high risk of depression or anxiety. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Men with prostate cancer who experience symptoms of depression or anxiety should seek professional help early on. Patient education could aid in raising awareness and reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11764-020-00947-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 prevents shedding of matriptase

Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) is an inhibitor of many proteases in vitro, including the membrane-bound serine protease, matriptase. Studies of knock-out mice have shown that HAI-2 is essential for placental development only in mice expressing matriptase, suggesting that HAI-2 is important for regulation of matriptase. Previous studies have shown that recombinant expression of matriptase was unsuccessful unless co-expressed with another HAI, HAI-1. In the present study we show that when human matriptase is recombinantly expressed alone in the canine cell line MDCK, then human matriptase mRNA can be detected and the human matriptase ectodomain is shed to the media, suggesting that matriptase expressed alone is rapidly transported through the secretory pathway and shed. Whereas matriptase expressed together with HAI-1 or HAI-2 accumulates on the plasma membrane where it is activated, as judged by cleavage at Arg614 and increased peptidolytic activity of the cell extracts. Mutagenesis of Kunitz domain 1 but not Kunitz domain 2 abolished this function of HAI-2. HAI-2 seems to carry out its function intracellularly as this is where the vast majority of HAI-2 is located and since HAI-2 could not be detected on the basolateral plasma membrane where matriptase resides. However, minor amounts of HAI-2 not undergoing endocytosis could be detected on the apical plasma membrane. Our results suggest that Kunitz domain 1 of HAI-2 cause matriptase to accumulate in a membrane-bound form on the basolateral plasma membrane

Genome-wide by Environment Interaction Study of Stressful Life Events and Hospital-Treated Depression in the iPSYCH2012 Sample

BACKGROUND: Researchers have long investigated a hypothesized interaction between genetic risk and stressful life events in the etiology of depression, but studies on the topic have yielded inconsistent results. METHODS: We conducted a genome-wide by environment interaction study (GWEIS) in 18,532 patients with depression from hospital-based settings and 20,184 population controls. All individuals were drawn from the iPSYCH2012 case-cohort study, a nationally representative sample identified from Danish national registers. Information on stressful life events including family disruption, serious medical illness, death of a first-degree relative, parental disability, and child maltreatment was identified from the registers and operationalized as a time-varying count variable. Hazard ratios for main and interaction effects were estimated using Cox regressions weighted to accommodate the case-cohort design. Our replication sample included 22,880 depression cases and 50,378 controls from the UK Biobank. RESULTS: The GWEIS in the iPSYCH2012 sample yielded three novel, genome-wide–significant (p < 5 × 10(−8)) loci located in the ABCC1 gene (rs56076205, p = 3.7 × 10(−10)), the AKAP6 gene (rs3784187, p = 1.2 × 10(−8)), and near the MFSD1 gene (rs340315, p = 4.5 × 10(−8)). No hits replicated in the UK Biobank (rs56076205: p = .87; rs3784187: p = .93; rs340315: p = .71). CONCLUSIONS: In this large, population-based GWEIS, we did not find any replicable hits for interaction. Future gene-by-stress research in depression should focus on establishing even larger collaborative GWEISs to attain sufficient power

Genome-wide by Environment Interaction Study of Stressful Life Events and Hospital-Treated Depression in the iPSYCH2012 Sample

BackgroundResearchers have long investigated a hypothesized interaction between genetic risk and stressful life events in the etiology of depression, but studies on the topic have yielded inconsistent results.MethodsWe conducted a genome-wide by environment interaction study (GWEIS) in 18,532 patients with depression from hospital-based settings and 20,184 population controls. All individuals were drawn from the iPSYCH2012 case-cohort study, a nationally representative sample identified from Danish national registers. Information on stressful life events including family disruption, serious medical illness, death of a first-degree relative, parental disability, and child maltreatment was identified from the registers and operationalized as a time-varying count variable. Hazard ratios for main and interaction effects were estimated using Cox regressions weighted to accommodate the case-cohort design. Our replication sample included 22,880 depression cases and 50,378 controls from the UK Biobank.ResultsThe GWEIS in the iPSYCH2012 sample yielded three novel, genome-wide-significant (p &lt; 5&nbsp;× 10-8) loci located in the ABCC1 gene (rs56076205, p&nbsp;= 3.7&nbsp;× 10-10), the AKAP6 gene (rs3784187, p&nbsp;= 1.2&nbsp;× 10-8), and near the MFSD1 gene (rs340315, p&nbsp;= 4.5&nbsp;× 10-8). No hits replicated in the UK Biobank (rs56076205: p&nbsp;= .87; rs3784187: p&nbsp;= .93; rs340315: p&nbsp;= .71).ConclusionsIn this large, population-based GWEIS, we did not find any replicable hits for interaction. Future gene-by-stress research in depression should focus on establishing even larger collaborative GWEISs to attain sufficient power