Uruthiporul in Seera puranam

It is mentioned that the epics should contain the four objectives worthy of human pursuit, namely, ‘aRam’ (ethics), ‘poruL’  (economy), ‘inpam’ (joy) and ‘viiDu’ (heaven). These four objectives are mentioned as ‘purusharthams’ in Sanskrit. Dharma, artha, kaama and moksha are the equivalents for aRam, poruL, inpam and viiDu. However, the concept of moksha is not found anywhere in the Sangam literature. It came into existence by the influence of Sanskrit and the literary writings of the northern writers. Raj Gowthaman is of the opinion that the ‘trivarkkam’ of the north tradition is called aRam, poruL and inpam in Tamil and the left out  ‘moksha’ in ‘chaturvitha purushartham’, i.e., the four objectives of human pursuit did not exist as ‘viiDu’ during Sangam period.   It could be said even clearly the concept of northern tradition based ‘moksha’ was not there with religious connotation in the Sangam society. Rebirth, heaven, elite, heavenly immortal, world of the dead,  world of deities-all are included in the poet’s poetic tradition’. Including the objectives of human pursuits in epics, a rule was set in the grammar. ‘Seera puranam’ talks about the first three objective of human pursuit. Except in Buddhism and Jainism, the concept of heaven could be found in all the religions. It is discussed in Vedic religions. Islam refers heaven as ‘the world of the dead’. Seera puranam mentions, however, all the four objectives

An Analysis of Perception of Regional language (Tamil) Infographics among Physical Education Professionals

Tamil poets have created, named, categorized, summarized and preserved dialects based on dialects in order to preserve the language they speak. Before exploring the importance of numbers in language it is necessary to know the design of grammatical literature. It is possible that the Sanskrit poets called the text grammar of the words when they recorded the language, they created in the journals so that it would be known to the world, and the textual literature of the world empirical biographies based on his quote characters. The words created for measurements such as size and mass are the primary letters of the words and the reasons for giving a special place to measurements in Tamil are explained. In order to give Tamil a lofty place in the world languages ​​in are the numbers to indicate the of an action, the time of action, and the number of soldiers involved in the war. The conclusion of the study is outlined

Revisiting and recreating plastic surgery concepts of Acharya Sushruta through Torn Ear Lobulue Repair vis-à-vis Karnasandhana w.s.r. to Lobuloplasty - A Single Case Study

Plastic surgery is one of the oldest forms of surgery which was expounded to the world by Ayurveda through Acharya Sushruta in his treatise Sushruta Samhita. Reconstructive plastic surgical procedures were performed in ancient India. The plastic surgery of ear (Otoplasty) and Nose (Rhinoplasty) are described in the Sushruta Sutrastana 16th chapter. First methods are described for piercing the ear lobes of an infant which is still a wide spread practice in India. Often these ear lobes; due to the use of heavy Ornaments; gets considerably expanded - split and tear as time passes. Sushruta has described 15 methods of joining these cup-up ear lobes through basic concepts of plastic surgery under the broad heading of Karnasandana. For correcting ear lobe tear, people demand good cosmetically appealing surgery which comes with minimal scar formation. All these types of Sandana Karma with due consideration to its finest details were explained in detail, represent the school of surgery of Acharya Sushruta, who made significant contribution to the principles and techniques of plastic surgery which are surprisingly applicable even in todays modern surgical era. It highlights the status and sophistication of ancient Indian surgery. Here, A brief review on a patient suffering from split ear lobules, was operated on the lines of Karnasandhana as described by Acharya Sushruta,which can be compared with Lobuloplasty, is detailed below

Comparing the accuracy of 12 hours urine protein with 24 hours urine protein in predicting proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypertensive disorders complicate 5-10% of all pregnancies. Preeclampsia is diagnosed when hypertension and proteinuria occur after 20 weeks of gestation. . Proteinuria is an important sign of preeclampsia. . It is directly proportional to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Severity of preeclampsia is also determined by the degree of proteinuria hence accurate and rapid quantification of proteinuria is essential for the diagnosis and management of hypertensive disorders. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the gold standard 24 hours urine protein can be replaced by 12 hours urine protein. METHODS: This is a prospective study conducted in 100 pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy at RSRM hospital. For each woman two 12 hr samples are collected. The protein concentration in the 12 hr and 24 hr samples analyzed by pyrogallol Red Method. RESULTS: Protein collection in a 12 hours sample was fitted closely with the 24 hours collection. A 12 hrs protein > 165 mg correlates with 24 protein of >300 mg. This study shows a correlation coefficient of r =0.94, P value of <0.001, sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 94%, positive predictive value of 97%, negative predictive value of 99%. CONCLUSION: The correlation of 12 hours urine protein with 24 hours urine protein in all degrees of proteinuria suggests that 12 hours protein can be used as an alternative to 24 hours urine protein in predicting proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Correlation of plasma osteopontin with radiological grading in patients with osteoarthritis in the knee joint.

To correlate plasma osteopontin level with radiological grade in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to correlate plasma osteopontin level with serum hyaluronic acid in patients with knee OA, thereby to assess, if osteopontin contributes to the pathogenesis of the degenerative process of OA by stimulating MMP13 and increase hyaluronic acid levels in serum. Materials and methods: 60 patients with varying grades of radiological evidence of OA in the knee joint and 30 healthy subjects as controls were enrolled in the study. Anteroposterior knee radiographs, in standing position were taken to determine the disease severity of the affected knee joint. The radiographic grading of OA in the knee joint was performed by using the Kellgren–Lawrence grading (K/L). Osteopontin levels in the plasma and hyaluronic acid levels in the serum were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared. Results: The mean plasma osteopontin concentration of the knee OA patients was significantly higher compared with that of healthy controls (984.91+/-804 pg/mL vs 611.05+/-207.59 pg/mL, p=0.014). The plasma osteopontin levels significantly correlated with severity of disease (r=0.349, p=0.006). The mean serum hyaluronic acid concentration of the knee OA patients was significantly higher compared with that of healthy controls (2.58+/−0.90ng/mL vs 1.87+/−0.48 ng/mL). The serum hyaluronic acid level significantly correlated with K/L grades (r=0.358, p=0.005). The plasma osteopontin and serum hyaluronic acid levels were compared in relation to radiological K/L grades 2, 3, 4 among the cases and was found to have statistically significant higher concentrations as the grade increased with p= 0.022 for osteopontin and p=0.006 for hyaluronic acid. Conclusion: Osteopontin in plasma and Hyaluronic acid in serum are related to progressive joint damage in knee OA. Hence in the present study statistically significant increase in concentration of both osteopontin & hyaluronic acid with respect to radiological grade and a positive correlation between osteopontin and K/L grade & hyaluronic acid and K/L grade implies that osteopontin has a significant role in activating MMP-13 causing degradation of articular cartilage and release of HA into the circulation in OA. Hence osteopontin and hyaluronic acid can be used in combination as biomarkers to assess the severity of the disease

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES CLADOPHORA SOCIALIS GREEN ALGAE OF SEAWEEDS COLLECTED FROM RAMESWARAM IN INDIA

Objective: Cladophora Socialis (CS) green algae are one of the most common seaweed water filamentous green algae reported to three different extracts (Hexane, Ethyl acetate and Acetone) have antioxidant activities. Methods: The evaluation of antioxidant properties was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis 3ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide scavenging assay (NO), reducing power, hydroxyl, superoxide radical scavenging (SOD), hydrogen peroxide radical assay, the metal chelating activity as well as phosphomolypdenum assay. Results: Among the tested CS, the maximum antioxidant activity was recorded in the extract of CS. Whereas Acetone extract of green algae showed good antioxidant potential. Conclusion: This study suggests that green algae Acetone extracts contain different potential antioxidant compounds capable to scavenge different types of free radicals

Variations in the origin and colic branches of the superior mesenteric artery

A study was done in 50 superior mesenteric arteries for finding its different pattern of origin and colic branches. The observatory findings are more or less coinciding with that of the observations of the eminent scientists in the field. The following findings have been observed: • Superior mesenteric artery and Splenic artery arising as a common trunk from the abdominal aorta. • Superior mesenteric artery and hepatic artery arising as a common trunk from the abdominal aorta. • Superior mesenteric artery and inferior pancreatico duodenal artery arising as a common trunk from the abdominal aorta. • Distance between the origin of coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery, ranged from 2mm to 20mm. • Inferior pancreatico duodenal artery arising from the posterior surface of superior mesenteric artery and also from the 1st jejunal branch. • Middle colic artery and right colic artery arising as a common trunk from superior mesenteric artery. • Double middle colic arteries, both from the superior mesenteric artery or one from superior mesenteric artery and the other from the right colic artery. • Double right colic artery. • Right colic artery and ileocolic artery arise as a common trunk from superior mesenteric artery. • Right colic artery arising from the ileocolic artery. • Ileocolic artery and right colic artery had a common trunk from superior mesenteric artery. • Ileocolic artery arising from the right colic artery. • Appendicular artery arising from inferior division of ileocolic artery. • Double appendicular arteries, one from ileocolic artery before division and other from inferior division of the ileocolic artery or one from the ileocolic artery and other from anterior or posterior caecal artery. With the knowledge about the aberrant vessels by their origin or by their branches and termination, the surgeon can take adequate precautions against the bleeding vessels in the operating field. The anatomists can stress these variant occurrence and their clinical importance while teaching and guiding the medical students. Hereby I hope this analysis of mine about the variational and surgical anatomy of the superior mesenteric artery will be of definite use and guide to the operating surgeons, radiologists and anatomists in the medical field

Crop Prediction and Recommendation Using Ensemble of DL Models

Agriculture remains the primary source of income in India and is characterised by a variety of crops, soil types and climatic conditions. This study suggests an additional ensemble model serving to give effective and speedy predictions and recommendations for crops. During the study data from nearly 8 distinct features was collected from various databases and 2201 instances were finalised. The data focussed on climatic conditions such as temperature, rainfall, crop type and soil features, particularly the ratio of nitrogen, potassium and levels of phosphorous. Research indicates that algorithms such as Neural Networks and XGBoost share high effectiveness and accuracy in developing crop yield prediction models. Extensive research conducted shows that the ensemble of XGBoost and MLP Classifier algorithms provide an accuracy of 99.39%. By predicting crop yield based on historical data, the study aims to give sound recommendations on the crops to be cultivated under various weather and soil conditions

Analysis of cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital in South Tamil Nadu

Background: Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) are among the most frequently reported adverse drug reactions (10 to 30%) with overall incidence of 6.2/1000 cases in India and 8% of hospitalisation among Dermatology inpatients. The aim was to analyse the CADRs with reference to its prevalence, causative drugs, morphological patterns, polypharmacy and drug reaction severity by Hartwig’s severity assessment scale.Methods: This study was a retrospective study done in the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy (DVL) over a period of 5 years (2015 to 2019) from CADR registers. Mean, standard deviation and chi square test were used for statistical analysis. P≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: A total of 134 cases of CADRs were encountered which comprised 0.2% (2/1000) of total OP census with equal gender ratio and involved most commonly the younger adults. The drug groups mainly responsible were anticonvulsants (24.7%) followed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) (22.5%), antibiotics (20.9%) followed by antiretrovirals (ART) and antituberculous drugs (ATT). The common morphological patterns were acute exanthem (32.2%), exfoliative dermatitis (14.9%) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (14.2%). Over the counter drugs accounted for 25.6% of cases. Around 38.1% were on polypharmacy. In this study, 15.7% had mild CADR, 53.7% had moderate and 30.6% had severe drug reactions with 2.2% mortality based on the Hartwig’s severity assessment scale. Commonest cause of severe CADRs was anticonvulsants and benign CADRs was NSAIDS.Conclusions: Proper history taking and documentation of data, recollection of sequence of events by the patient and drug re-challenge will help us in deciding the causative drug preventing further occurrence

Neuroprotective Effects of Bikaverin on H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress Mediated Neuronal Damage in SH-Sy5y Cell Line

The generation of free radicals and oxidative stress has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The use of free radical scavenging molecules for the reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species is one of the strategies used in the clinical management of neurodegeneration. Fungal secondary metabolism is a rich source of novel molecules with potential bioactivity. In the current study, bikaverin was extracted from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and its structural characterization was carried out. Further, we explored the protective effects of bikaverin on oxidative stress and its anti-apoptotic mechanism to attenuate H2O2-induced neurotoxicity using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our results elucidate that pretreatment of neurons with bikaverin attenuates the mitochondrial and plasma membrane damage induced by 100 µM H2O2 to 82 and 26 % as evidenced by MTT and LDH assays. H2O2 induced depletion of antioxidant enzyme status was also replenished by bikaverin which was confirmed by Realtime Quantitative PCR analysis of SOD and CAT genes. Bikaverin pretreatment efficiently potentiated the H2O2-induced neuronal markers, such as BDNF, TH, and AADC expression, which orchestrate the neuronal damage of the cell. The H2O2-induced damage to cells, nuclear, and mitochondrial integrity was also restored by bikaverin. Bikaverin could be developed as a preventive agent against neurodegeneration and as an alternative to some of the toxic synthetic antioxidants