POSTUPANJE S ANOREKSIJOM KOD ODRASLIH PREMA ZABILJEŠKAMA SREDNJOVJEKOVNIH PERZIJSKIH LIJEČNIKA

Normal ageing is often accompanied by loss of appetite and decrease in food intake. Weight loss of senescence is called anorexia of ageing. As an outstanding scientist and physician of Traditional Persian Medicine, Avicenna has introduced an unconventional approach to seniors. He also believed that the elderly should consider special schemes in order to maintain their health. These schemes include consideration of nutrition, mental states, sleep, bathing, and physical activities, and even choosing some appropriate hobbies. The elderly should consume foods and fruits with laxative and stool-softening properties to prevent constipation. They would also do better to decrease the amount of food eaten at meals, but at the same time increasing the number of meals to compensate for low food intake. Moreover, they should maintain their vital force and avoid any activities that tax the body. Furthermore, considering the principles of hifz-al-sehah can help secure long and healthy lives for the elderly.Normalno starenje često je popraćeno gubitkom apetita i smanjenjem unosa hrane. Gubitak težine pri starenju često se naziva anoreksija starenja. Kao izniman znanstvenik i liječnik tradicionalne perzijske medicine Avicena je uveo nekonvencionalan pristup starijima. On je također vjerovao da se stariji trebaju držati posebnih obrazaca kako bi održali svoje zdravlje. Ti obrasci uključuju prehranu, mentalna stanja, spavanje, kupanje, fizičku aktivnost pa čak i odabir nekih odgovarajućih hobija. Stariji bi trebali konzumirati hranu i voće koji omekšavaju stolicu i imaju laksativna svojstva kako bi se spriječila konstipacija. Također će si činiti dobro ako smanje količinu hrane pojedene u obroku, ali istovremeno povećaju broj obroka kako bi kompenzirali smanjeni unos hrane. Štoviše, oni bi trebali održavati svoju vitalnu snagu i izbjegavati sve aktivnosti koje opterećuju tijelo. Osim toga uzimajući u obzir principe hifz-al-sehah, stariji si mogu osigurati dug i zdrav život

THE CURATIVE ROLE OF BITUMEN IN TRADITIONAL PERSIAN MEDICINE

Aim: Bitumen is a natural substance effusing from rocks’ notches in some highland areas; it has been known as an effective remedy for treating some illnesses. Considering pain relieving properties of bitumen in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) sources, this study aims to review the viewpoints of TPM sages regarding bitumen in the context of traditional Persian medicine. It also provides applicable information for interested researchers to conduct well-designed clinical trials and evaluate therapeutic effects of bitumen claimed in TPM sources. Material and method: Various databases including Embase, SID, IRANDOC, IranMedex, Scopus and PubMed were searched with keywords “bitumen” and “Shilajit”. Furthermore, main traditional Persian medicine sources including Avicenna’s “Canon of medicine”, “Continens Liber” by Razes, “The storehouse of medicaments” by Aghili, “Gift for the faithful” by Momen Tonekaboni and “Measure for medicine” written by Muhammad Akbar Shah Arzani were reviewed with Persian keywords “Moomiaii” and “Mumnaei”. Results: According to TPM sources, bitumen was used by Iranian’s physicians to treat a wide range of diseases. It was known especially as an effective remedy to improve gastrointestinal digestive problems. Conclusion: Bitumen is cited in traditional Persian medicine sources as an effective remedy for treatment of a wide range of diseases, especially GI disorders and bone pain. Recent studies showed the beneficial effects of bitumen in treatment of wound healing, however using it in medical practice for other health dilemma should be confirmed by conducting well-designed clinical studies in the future

POSTUPANJE S ANOREKSIJOM KOD ODRASLIH PREMA ZABILJEŠKAMA SREDNJOVJEKOVNIH PERZIJSKIH LIJEČNIKA

Normal ageing is often accompanied by loss of appetite and decrease in food intake. Weight loss of senescence is called anorexia of ageing. As an outstanding scientist and physician of Traditional Persian Medicine, Avicenna has introduced an unconventional approach to seniors. He also believed that the elderly should consider special schemes in order to maintain their health. These schemes include consideration of nutrition, mental states, sleep, bathing, and physical activities, and even choosing some appropriate hobbies. The elderly should consume foods and fruits with laxative and stool-softening properties to prevent constipation. They would also do better to decrease the amount of food eaten at meals, but at the same time increasing the number of meals to compensate for low food intake. Moreover, they should maintain their vital force and avoid any activities that tax the body. Furthermore, considering the principles of hifz-al-sehah can help secure long and healthy lives for the elderly.Normalno starenje često je popraćeno gubitkom apetita i smanjenjem unosa hrane. Gubitak težine pri starenju često se naziva anoreksija starenja. Kao izniman znanstvenik i liječnik tradicionalne perzijske medicine Avicena je uveo nekonvencionalan pristup starijima. On je također vjerovao da se stariji trebaju držati posebnih obrazaca kako bi održali svoje zdravlje. Ti obrasci uključuju prehranu, mentalna stanja, spavanje, kupanje, fizičku aktivnost pa čak i odabir nekih odgovarajućih hobija. Stariji bi trebali konzumirati hranu i voće koji omekšavaju stolicu i imaju laksativna svojstva kako bi se spriječila konstipacija. Također će si činiti dobro ako smanje količinu hrane pojedene u obroku, ali istovremeno povećaju broj obroka kako bi kompenzirali smanjeni unos hrane. Štoviše, oni bi trebali održavati svoju vitalnu snagu i izbjegavati sve aktivnosti koje opterećuju tijelo. Osim toga uzimajući u obzir principe hifz-al-sehah, stariji si mogu osigurati dug i zdrav život

AVICENINA MEDICINSKA DIDAKTIČKA PJESMA: URJUZEHTEBBI

Historical research shows that many physicians experienced in medical sciences are also talented in art, literature and poetry. Avicenna was a sage who was skilled in poetry in addition to philosophy and medicine. He wrote two different types of poetry: those meant to be enjoyed for their literary qualities of novelty and imagination, and his didactic Urjuzeh. Didactic poems are different from poetry evoked by imagination and feeling. In didactic poetry, the poets want to learn science and philosophy, whether spiritual, ethical or practical to the readers. Rhyme and poetry were often used for scientific writing in Avicenna’s era, and were considered a method for memorizing scientific information and raising students’ interest in difficult scientific concepts. Verse was used to simplify the didactic content, ease memorization and make difficult scientific issues more attractive. In medieval Persia, students of medicine had learned the basics of philosophy before starting medical courses. Poetry could help the students memorize the poem itself in combination with its meaning, in a way that was better and easier than prose. Avicenna’s masterpiece, UrjuzehTebbi, comprises a perfect course in traditional Persian medicine in rhyming text written in Arabic. This great work was translated into Persian at the research centre for traditional medicine and history of medicine. We hope that the Persian translation of Urjuzeh Tebbi will allow students and experts to better appreciate the role of didactic poems in compiling and transmitting the concepts of Iranian medicine.Povijesna istraživanja ukazuju da su mnogi liječnici, iskusni u medicinskim znanostima, također talentirani za umjetnost, književnost i pjesništvo. Avicena je bio mudrac koji je bio vješt u pjesništvu nastavno na filozofiju i medicinu. Pisao je dvije vrste pjesama: one koje su bile namijenjene uživanju u književnoj kvaliteti originalnosti i imaginacije te njegova didaktička poema Urjuzeh. Didaktičke poeme razlikuju se od pjesništva evociranog imaginacijom i osjećajem. U didaktičkom pjesništvu pjesnici žele podučiti čitatelje znanosti i filozofiji, bilo spiritualno, etički ili praktički. U Avicenino vrijeme srok i pjesništvo često su korišteni za znanstveno pisanje i smatrani su metodom zapamćivanja znanstvenih informacija i podizanja studentova interesa za teške znanstvene pojmove. Stih je korišten za pojednostavnjenje didaktičkog sadržaja, olakšanje zapamćivanja i činjenja teških znanstvenih pitanja pristupačnijima. U srednjovjekovnoj Perziji student je medicine morao naučiti osnove filozofije prije negoli je započeo medicinsku poduku. Pjesništvo je moglo pomoći studentu upamtiti samu pjesmu u kombinaciji s njenim značenjem, na način koji je bio bolji i lakši negoli je to kod proze. Avicenino remek-djelo UrjuzehTebbi uključuje savršenu poduku u tradicionalnoj perzijskoj medicini u rimovanu tekstu pisanu na arapskom. Ovo veliko djelo bilo je prevedeno na perzijski pri centru za istraživanje tradicionalne medicine i povijesti medicine. Nadamo se da će perzijski prijevod Urjuzeh Tebbi omogućiti studentima i stručnjacima bolje uvažavanje uloge didaktičkih poema u sabiranju i prenošenju pojmova iranske medicine

INSOMNIJA U TRADICIONALNOJ PERZIJSKOJ MEDICINI

Insomnia is a common complaint in outpatient clinics. It usually affects quality of life negatively, especially in severe cases. Nowadays, routine medical interventions comprise pharmacological approaches and cognitive behavioral therapy. Common medications used by afflicted patients are not competent enough in addition to their annoying side effects. It would naturally denote the need for considering novel strategies for treating insomniac patients. Approach to insomnia in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) has been cited in a scrutinized manner focusing on its main causes. Accordingly, its treatment is tailored based on the constitution of the patient, intensity of the disease, and type of the cause. In this paper we have discussed the causes of insomnia, diagnostic approach, and various medical interventions proposed in valid sources of TPM.Pacijenti se u ambulantama često žale na nesanicu. Nesanica obično negativno utječe na kvalitetu života, posebno kod teških slučajeva. Rutinske medicinske intervencije danas obuhvaćaju farmakološki pristup i kognitivnu bihevioralnu terapiju. Lijekovi koji se obično uzimaju za nesanicu, uz neugodne nuspojave, nisu zadovoljavajući. To znači da postoji potreba za razmatranjem novih strategija u liječenju bolesnika koji pate od nesanice. Pristup liječenju nesanice u tradicionalnoj perzijskoj medicini (TPM) pomno je razmatran, s naglaskom na glavne uzroke bolesti. U skladu s tim, liječenje nesanice prilagođeno je pacijentu na temelju njegove konstitucije, intenziteta bolesti i vrste uzroka. U ovom radu raspravlja se o uzrocima nesanice, dijagnostičkom pristupu i različitim medicinskim intervencijama koje su predložene u postojećim izvorima tradicionalne perzijske medicine

نقش حرارت در سلامت از دیدگاه طب سنتی و پزشکی نوین

In modern science, heat is a quality that enhances the movement of molecules. Maintenance of instinctive temperature in a normal range is vital for healthy organs' function and survival. In the Traditional Persian Medicine, the heat comprised to instinctive that is related to animal spirit and hands the animal life; and stout heat that is related to natural spirit. Instinctive which derived from main spiritual heat has no burning, decay and infection. In traditional medicine, the physician determines the body hotness and coldness of the patient with palpation. However further than palpation, the physician should evaluate the function of main body organs (heart, brain and liver) to estimate instinctive heat. The physician should be moderate in mezaj (temperament) or knows the normal moderate human's mezaj. The maintenance of instinctive heat and humidity plays vital role in healthy life style and longevity. The weather, food and drink, sleep and wake, motion and stillness, retention and evacuation and at last mood are the six main basics for maintaining instinctive temperature. Despite the differences between the definitions and terminology of both traditional and modern perspectives on the heat, the importance of body temperature in metabolism and health is mentioned in both schools. This study is about to provide a context for further attention of the researchers to basic concepts of traditional medicine.حرارت در علم نوین کیفیتی است که باعث افزایش حرکت مولکول‌ها می‏شود. بقای انسان وابسته به نگهداری حرارت درونی تا حدی است که افعال بدنی در آن به‌درستی انجام گیرد. از دیدگاه طب سنتی، حرارت دو نوع است: غریزی و اُسطُقُسی. حرارت غریزی، حرارت ذاتی است که گرمی آن سوزندگی، تعفین و فساد ندارد. در طب سنتی، طبیب برای تعیین گرمی و سردی مَلمَس بیمار از دست خود استفاده می‌کند، اما ملمس بیمار برای تعیین حرارت غریزی بیمار کافی نیست. علاوه بر ملمس، افعال اندام‌های رئیسه یعنی قلب، مغز و کبد نیز باید بررسی شوند. حفظ حرارت غریزی و رطوبت، نقش حیاتی در تندرستی و طول عمر دارد. هوا، غذا و نوشیدنی، خواب و بیداری، حرکت و سکون، احتباس و استفراغ و درنهایت، اعراض نفسانی یا حالات روحی شش اصل اساسی حفظ حرارت غریزی هستند. تغییر کیفیات مانند حرارت منجر به ایجاد سوء‏مزاج در اندام‌ها و بیماری می‏شود. باوجود تفاوت میان تعاریف و اصطلاحات دو دیدگاه سنتی و نوین درباره حرارت، در هر دو مکتب به اهمیت حفظ حرارت درونی بدن و نقش آن در سوخت‌وساز و سلامت اذعان شده است. این تحقیق بر آن است زمینه‌ای برای توجه بیشتر پژوهشگران به مفاهیم پایه‌ای طب سنتی فراهم آورد.   &nbsp

An overview of multi-ingredient kidney stone dissolving formulations from Traditional Persian Pharmacy

Kidney stone, as a third important urinary tract disease, is a common disease affecting 10-15% of the world population. Effective medical treatment for the disease is not yet well established. On the other hand, there is an increasing global demand to manage and control various diseases with natural medicine and medicaments originating from Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Traditional Persian medicine (TPM), as one of the most popular schools in CAM, suggests numerous clinical interventions for kidney stones. This review provides various related compound formulations for kidney/bladder stones from the standpoints of Persian scholars. These remedies have been cited in a series of traditional pharmaceutical manuscripts of Persian medicine, namely Qarābādin or prescription. More than fifty multi-ingredient formulations for kidney/bladder stones have been found by reviewing five main Persian pharmacopeias. Various dosage forms have been reported for the management of kidney/bladder stones, such as Majoon (confection), Sharāb (syrup), Jawārish (semisolid confection), Qors (Tablet), and Safoof (oral powder). Considering the positive pharmacological or biological activities of the constituents of filtered formulations, many of those can be re-formulated and either experimentally or clinically evaluated to be introduced as new natural remedies in this field

معرفی مشاهیر طب سنّتی اسلام و ایران: یوحنابن ماسویه

Iranian physicians and sages had a major role in the progress of medical science. Jundishapur in the past was known as one of the most important cities around the world. Jundishapur, in the third century (Hijri) was considered as one of the foremost medical schools in the world. Since then, gradually, Baghdad took the place of Jundishapur as the most important medical center of the world. In this transition, the Iranian physicians, including Joohanna-ibn-Massavayh had a very prominent role. Unfortunately, there are scant information about Joohanna's life and ideas despite his great role in the beginning of the translation movement and writing many valuable works in the medical sciences. This research is about to introduce one of the leading physicians in the third century whose valuable works, particularly in the fields of ophthalmology and anatomy, were considered as the referral textbooks for medical students in the medieval era.پزشکان و دانشمندان ایرانی نقش برجسته‏ای در پیشرفت علم پزشکی داشته‌اند. شهر جندی‌شاپور از دیرباز، یکی از شهرهای مهم در عالم پزشکی شناخته می‌شد. تا قرن سوم هجری جندی‌شاپور یکی از مهم‌ترین مدارس پزشکی دنیا بود. از این به بعد، کم‏کم بغداد جای جندی‌شاپور را به‌مثابه مهم‌ترین مرکز پزشکی دنیا گرفت. در این انتقال، پزشکان ایرانی مانند یوحنابن ماسویه خوزی نقش بسیار برجسته‌ای داشته‌اند. متأسفانه باوجود نقش بارز یوحنا در آغاز نهضت ترجمه و آثار بسیار او در زمینه پزشکی، منابع تاریخی ناچیزی درباره زندگی و افکار پزشکی این دانشمند بزرگ موجود است. هدف از نگارش این مقاله شناساندن یکی از بزرگان جامعه پزشکی در قرن سوم هجری است که آثار ارزشمندش راه‏گشای بسیاری پرسش‌ها و ندانسته‌ها، به‌ویژه در زمینه چشم‌پزشکی و کالبدشناسی بود؛ به گونه‏ای که بعضی آثارش منبع درسی مهمی برای گرفتن مدرک دانشگاهی در حیطه پزشکی آن زمان بوده است