Treatment of swine wastewater in constructed wetlands systems: performance and hydro-kinetic modeling

A atividade suinícola vem crescendo muito nos últimos anos, sendo a principal forma de criação em galpões de confinamento. Como consequência, tem-se o aumento na geração de dejetos de suínos em pequenas áreas, o que eleva o risco ambiental da atividade. Nessas condições, o uso de sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) apresenta-se como alternativa a ser estudada, pois estes apresentam reduzido custo de implantação e relativa facilidade de operação. No presente estudo teve-se o objetivo de avaliar a remoção de poluentes da água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) por SACs, a contribuição de espécies vegetais para tal, o comportamento hidrodinâmico no interior dos SACs e a obtenção do ajuste de modelos matemáticos de cinética de primeira ordem para determinação dos coeficientes de degradação da matéria orgânica nos SACs. Implantou-se 3 SACs, utilizando argila expandida como meio suporte, sendo um cultivado com Polygonum punctatum (SACE), outro cultivado com Chrysopogon zizanioides (SACV) e um SAC mantido como controle, que não foi cultivado (SACC). O sistema foi instalado na Fazenda Água Limpa, zona rural de Viçosa-MG. Cada SAC era composto por 3 unidades (cochos de polietileno de alta densidade) em série, tendo cada unidade dimensões de 0,35 x 0,49 x 1,95 m. A ARS afluente era proveniente de um reator anaeróbio híbrido e apresentou carga orgânica média de 270 kg ha-1 d-1 de DQO. Para um tempo de retenção hidráulica nominal (τ) de 3,21 dias, obteve-se remoção de DQO, DBO, N-total (NT) e P-total (PT), ao longo do período experimental, com eficiências médias de 80, 85, 38 e 51% (SACC), 83, 89, 48 e 69% (SACE) e 80, 81, 36 e 45% (SACV), respectivamente. No SAC cultivado com Polygonum punctatum (SACE), observou-se o melhor desempenho na remoção de poluentes. Foram obtidas produtividade, em termos de matéria seca, de 2,79 g m-2 d-1 e 1,91 g m-2 d-1e remoções, da carga aplicada, de Ntotal de 1,54 e 1,01% e de P-total de 0,81 e 1,19%, respectivamente, para o Polygonum punctatum (erva de bicho) e o Chrysopogon zizanioides (capim vetiver). Nas duas amostragens realizadas ao longo do perfil dos SACs observou-se: elevação do pH, diminuição dos valores de CE, redução na concentração de turbidez e decaimento da concentração de NTK ao longo do comprimento dos sistemas. Para o estudo hidrodinâmico foram adicionados traçadores, a fim determinar o grau de dispersão dos poluentes no interior dos SACs e o tempo de retenção experimental (τR). Com relação ao τR observou-se redução do tempo para 3,12 dias no SACC, enquanto que, nos SACE e SACV, observou-se aumento para 4,14 e 4,11 dias, respectivamente. Observou-se grande dispersão em todos os sistemas. As concentrações de DQO ao longo do comprimento dos SACs foram utilizadas para ajuste dos modelos cinéticos de 1ª ordem que descrevem o decaimento da matéria orgânica ao longo dos SACs. Os modelos que apresentaram melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais, foram o modelo de escoamento pistonado com concentração residual, o modelo de tanque em mistura completa e o modelo de Shepherd et al. (2001).Pig activity has been increasing in the last years and the main form of creation is in confinement barns. As a result, there has been an increase on generation of swine manure in small areas, which increases the environmental risk of activity. Under these conditions, the use of constructed wetlands (CWs) presents as an alternative to be studied, because it has a low-cost of implementation and it s easy to be operated. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the removal of pollutants from swine wastewater by CWs, the contribution of plants species for this, the hydrodynamic behavior in the CWs and the setting of mathematical models of first-order kinetics to determine the coefficients of organic matter degradation in the CWs. Three CWs was implanted, using expanded clay as a support media, one was cultivated with Polygonum punctatum (CWE), another was cultivated with Chrysopogon zizanioides (CWV) and one was uncultivated (CWC) used as a control. The system was installed on the Água Limpa Farm, countryside of Viçosa-MG. Each CW was composed of three units (troughs of high density polyethylene) in series, each unit having dimensions of 0.35 x 0.49 x 1.95 meters. The swine wastewater influent was deriving from a hybrid anaerobic reactor and had organic matter load average of 270 kg ha-1 d-1 COD. For a nominal hydraulic retention time (τ) of 3.21 days, we obtained the removal of COD, BOD, total N (NT) and total P (PT) over the experimental period, with average efficiencies of 80 , 85, 38 and 51% (CWC), 83, 89, 48 and 69% (CWE) and 80, 81, 36 and 45% (CWV), respectively. In the CW cultivated with Polygonum punctatum (CWE), we observed the best performance in the removal of pollutants. Based on dry matter, the productivity obtained was 2.79 g m-2 d-1 and 1.91 g m-2 d-1, the removal of the total N applied load was 1.54 and 1.01 % and total P was 0.81 and 1.19% for Polygonum punctatum and Chrysopogon zizanioides, respectively. In two samples collected along the length of CWs was observed: increase in pH, EC values decreased, reducing the turbidity concentration and the total Kjeldahl-N concentration decay along the systems length. To study the hydrodynamic, tracers were added in order to determine the degree of dispersion of pollutants within the CWs and the experimental retention time (τR). Observing τR, can be noted the reduction on the time retention to 3.12 days in the CWC, whereas in the CWE and CWV observed increased to 4.14 and 4.11 days, respectively. The dispersion value was high in all wetlands. The concentrations of COD along the length of the SACs were used to adjust the kinetic models that describe a first-order decay of organic matter over the CWs. The models that showed a better fit to the experimental data were the plug flow model with residual concentration, the model of continuous stirred tank reactor and the model of Shepherd et al. (2001).Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura em sistemas alagados construídos, com Chrysopogon zizanioides e Polygonum punctatum cultivadas em leito de argila expandida

RESUMO No presente estudo avaliou-se a remoção de demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio total (NT) e fósforo total (PT) da água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) em sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) de escoamento horizontal subsuperficial, além da contribuição das espécies vegetais cultivadas: Polygonum punctatum (erva-de-bicho) e Chrysopogon zizanioides (capim-vetiver). Foram implantados três SACs, utilizando-se argila expandida como meio suporte, sendo um cultivado com P. punctatum (SACE), outro cultivado com C. zizanioides (SACV) e um mantido como controle, sem cultivo (SACC). Para um tempo de retenção hidráulica nominal (τ) de 3,2 dias, observou-se remoção de DBO, NT e PT, ao longo do período experimental, com eficiências médias de 85, 38 e 51% (SACC), 89, 48 e 69% (SACE) e 81, 36 e 45% (SACV), respectivamente. O melhor desempenho foi observado no SACE. Foram obtidas, em termos de matéria seca, produtividades de 2,79 e 1,91 g m-2 d-1 e remoções de NT de 1,54 e 1,01% e de PT de 0,81 e 1,19%, da carga aplicada, para a erva-de-bicho e o capim-vetiver, respectivamente

Swine Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetland Systems: Hydraulic and Kinetic Modeling

The use of constructed wetland systems (CWS) is presented as an alternative for the treatment of effluents since these have reduced implementation costs and relative ease of operation. The present research was undertaken to evaluate to study the hydrodynamic and the fitting of first-order mathematical kinetic models for the removal of pollutants in CWS. Three CWS were built, using expanded clay as filter support: one cultivated with Polygonum punctatum (CWSw), another cultivated with Chrysopogon zizanioides (CWSV), and a control unit (CWSc). The actual retention time was 3.12 days in the CWSc, whereas, in the CWSw and CWSv, we observed values of 4.14 and 4.11 days, respectively. The dispersion values were high in all CWS. The values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) across the length of the CWS were used to fit the kinetic models that describe the first-order decay of organic matter over the CWS. The models that showed a better fit to the experimental data were the plug-flow with residual concentration, the continuous stirred tank reactor, and Shepherd’s models

Swine Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetland Systems: Hydraulic and Kinetic Modeling

The use of constructed wetland systems (CWS) is presented as an alternative for the treatment of effluents since these have reduced implementation costs and relative ease of operation. The present research was undertaken to evaluate to study the hydrodynamic and the fitting of first-order mathematical kinetic models for the removal of pollutants in CWS. Three CWS were built, using expanded clay as filter support: one cultivated with Polygonum punctatum (CWSw), another cultivated with Chrysopogon zizanioides (CWSV), and a control unit (CWSc). The actual retention time was 3.12 days in the CWSc, whereas, in the CWSw and CWSv, we observed values of 4.14 and 4.11 days, respectively. The dispersion values were high in all CWS. The values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) across the length of the CWS were used to fit the kinetic models that describe the first-order decay of organic matter over the CWS. The models that showed a better fit to the experimental data were the plug-flow with residual concentration, the continuous stirred tank reactor, and Shepherd’s models

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data