Propagation of yellow mombin by stem and root cuttings treated with indolebutyric acid

Yellow mombin is a fruit species of growing interest in the agro-industrial sector, mainly in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, although its commercial exploitation is still limited due to the lack of information regarding its propagation, among other factors. In this perspective, this work aimed to study the effect of the application of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in the vegetative propagation of yellow mombin by stem and root cuttings. The experiments were conducted in a plant nursery, under a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg.kg-1 in industrial talc), four replications, and ten cuttings per plot. The stem cutting experiment also evaluated the effect of the types of cuttings (tanchan, basal, stratified basal, medial, and apical), with the material being collected from a yellow mombin tree in full vegetative growth. The root cuttings were collected from a matrix plant in the stage of vegetative rest and cut into 15 cm length segments. After 120 days, the following variables were evaluated: percentage of living, sprouted, rooted, and calloused cuttings, and dry mass of roots and sprouts. The cuttings of the tanchan type showed higher survival and sprouting percentages, regardless of the concentration of IBA applied, whereas the rooting rate was low. The application of IBA increased the rooting percentage of the root cuttings until the maximum concentration of 5000 mg.kg-1, reaching 77.5%, although it did not influence the other variables analyzed. The root cuttings of yellow mombin exhibit good regeneration capacity.Yellow mombin is a fruit species of growing interest in the agro-industrial sector, mainly in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, although its commercial exploitation is still limited due to the lack of information regarding its propagation, among other factors. In this perspective, this work aimed to study the effect of the application of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in the vegetative propagation of yellow mombin by stem and root cuttings. The experiments were conducted in a plant nursery, under a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg.kg-1 in industrial talc), four replications, and ten cuttings per plot. The stem cutting experiment also evaluated the effect of the types of cuttings (tanchan, basal, stratified basal, medial, and apical), with the material being collected from a yellow mombin tree in full vegetative growth. The root cuttings were collected from a matrix plant in the stage of vegetative rest and cut into 15 cm length segments. After 120 days, the following variables were evaluated: percentage of living, sprouted, rooted, and calloused cuttings, and dry mass of roots and sprouts. The cuttings of the tanchan type showed higher survival and sprouting percentages, regardless of the concentration of IBA applied, whereas the rooting rate was low. The application of IBA increased the rooting percentage of the root cuttings until the maximum concentration of 5000 mg.kg-1, reaching 77.5%, although it did not influence the other variables analyzed. The root cuttings of yellow mombin exhibit good regeneration capacity

Tipos de estacas, doses de ácido indolbutírico e métodos de enxertia para propagação de Eugenia cibrata

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tipo de estacas tratadas com ácido indolutivo (AIB) e métodos de enxertia para propagação de E. cibrata . Foram instalados experimentos com estaquia e enxertia, em delineamento isolado casualizado, sendo no esquema fatorial 5x5 para estaquia e com enxertia com 5 aplicações. Como estacas foram tratadas com AIB nas doses 0, 1.000, 2.000, 3.000 e 4.000 mg.L -1; e os métodos de enxertia foram absorvidos por janela aberta e fechada, e garfagens por fenda cheia, fenda dupla e fenda simples. Foram tributados, nesta estimativa, uma porcentagem de estacas vivas, brotadas, com pedras, com raiz, o número de raízes e brotos, o comprimento da raiz maior e a massa seca de raízes e brotos; e para enxertia, uma porcentagem de pegamento e sobrevivência dos enxertos. Como estatísticas estatísticas feitas pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. Estacas medianas, basais e estratificadas aumentaram uma porcentagem de estacas vivas, brotadas, número de brotos e massa seca de brotos. Os tipos de escala e doses de AIB não influenciam a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, com cálculos, número de raízes e massa seca de raízes. O enraizamento variou de 0% a 10%.El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el tipo de esquejes tratados con ácido indolbutírico (IBA) y los métodos de injerto para la propagación de E. cibrata. Se instalaron experimentos de corte e injerto, en un diseño completamente al azar, con un esquema factorial 5x5 para corte e injerto con 5 tratamientos. Los esquejes fueron tratados con IBA a dosis 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 y 4,000 mg.L-1; y los métodos de injerto burbujearon através de la ventana abierta y la ventana cerrada, y los tenedores por ranura completa, doble ranura y ranura única. En el corte, se evaluó el porcentaje de esquejes vivos, germinados, con callosidades, con raíces, el número de raíces y brotes, la longitud de la raíz más grande y la masa seca de raíces y brotes; y para el injerto, el porcentaje de apego y la supervivencia del injerto. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Los esquejes medianos, basales y estratificados aumentaron el porcentaje de esquejes vivos, germinados, el número de brotes y la masa seca de brotes. Los tipos de esquejes y dosis de IBA no influyeron en el porcentaje de esquejes enraizados, con callosidades, número de raíces y materia seca de raíz. El enraizamiento varió de 0% a 10%. Los porcentajes más altos de supervivencia del injerto se encontraron en el método de injerto bifurcado en rendijas completas (20%).The objective of this work was to evaluate types of stocks treated with indolbutyric acid (IBA) and grafting methods for propagation of Eugenia cibrata. Experiments with cutting and grafting were installed in a completely randomized design, with a 5x5 factorial scheme for cutting and grafting with 5 treatments. The stakes were treated with IBA at doses 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000 mg.L-1; And the grafting methods were bubbled through open window and closed window, and garages by full slit, double slit and single slit. The percentage of live cuttings, buds with calluses, roots, number of roots and shoots, length of the largest root and dry mass of roots and shoots were evaluated in cuttings; And for grafting, the percentage of glue and the survival of the grafts. Statistical analyzes were performed by Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. Median, basal and stratification stakes increased the percentage of live cuttings, sprouts, number of shoots and dry mass of shoots. The types of cuttings and doses of IBA did not influence the percentage of rooted cuttings, with calluses, number of roots and dry mass of roots. Rooting ranged from 0% to 10%. The highest percentage of survival of the grafts in the grafting method (20%)

Quality of yellow passion fruit as a function of irrigation, artificial pollination, and protected cultivation

Passion fruit stands out among the fruit crops of economic expression in Brazil due to the medicinal, cosmetic, and organoleptic properties of its fruits, having great acceptance by consumers. In this scenario, this study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of organic yellow passion fruit as a function of pollination combined with irrigation and protected cultivation. The experimental design was in randomized blocks arranged in split plots (2 x 2 x 2), with eight treatments and four replications containing four plants per experimental unit. The protected environment was set up on the upper part of each espalier, consisting of a 100μ transparent plastic film used as cover. Irrigation was performed using a micro-sprinkler system, and pollination was either manual or natural (entomophilic). The following parameters were evaluated: soluble solids content; total titratable acidity; ratio of soluble solids to titratable acidity; gross pulp yield; and juice yield. Fruits were also classified according to their physical appearance by counting the number of fruits with slight, severe, or no damage, in addition to the equatorial fruit diameter. These assessments were carried out in two periods: crop season 1 (January to August 2019) and crop season 2 (September 2019 to August 2020). The results revelated that the cultivation system combining rainfed conditions, plastic protection of plants, and artificial pollination produced fruits with larger diameters and more class 5 fruits. Moreover, the cropping systems did not influence the gross pulp yield, juice yield, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and the ratio of soluble solids to titratable acidity.Among the fruit crops of economic expression in Brazil, the passion fruit stands out for the medicinal, cosmetic and organoleptic properties of its fruits, having great acceptance by consumers. Because of this, the objective was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of yellow passion fruit fruits under organic system as a function of pollination combined with irrigated and protected cultivation. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in divided plots (2 x 2 x 2) with eight treatments and four replications containing four plants per experimental unit. The protected environment was installed on the upper part of each espalier, consisting of a 100  m   transparent additive plastic film as material for the covering. Irrigation was of the micro sprinkler type and manual or natural (entomophilic) pollination. The following were evaluated: soluble solids content; total titratable acidity; ratio; raw pulp yield; juice yield; In the classification of the fruits - the physical appearance was analyzed, counting the amount of fruits that presented light, serious or without damages and the equatorial diameter of the fruits. These assessments were carried out in two periods: crop 1 (January to August 2019) and crop 2 (September 2019 to August 2020). It is concluded that: the cultivation system combining rainfed, plastic protection of plants and artificial pollination produces fruits with larger diameter and larger percentage of fruits in gauge 5; the raw pulp and juice yield, titratable acidity, soluble solids and ratio are not influenced by the cultivation systems

Avances en propagación y cultivo de papaya

The papaya (Carica papaya) is a culture that has shown potential in several Brazilian regions, either in large producing companies or for family agriculture. Research on culture is needed to improve production and advance in regions where culture is incipient. Thus, this review aims to verify the scientific advances on the propagation and cultivation of papaya in the last eighteen years. The studies developed in the last years are mostly related to substrates for production of seedlings, fertilization with NPK and irrigation systems for the crop. The works addressing spacing, alternative cultural treatments and especially the consortium with other cultures are scarce. And there are still few researches carried out in regions that present aptitude for the production of the fruit, but are not great producers.La papaya (Carica papaya) es un cultivo que ha demostrado potencial en varias regiones brasileñas, ya sea en grandes empresas productoras o para la agricultura familiar. La investigación en cultura es necesaria para mejorar la producción y avanzar en regiones donde la cultura es incipiente. Por lo tanto, esta revisión tiene como objetivo verificar los avances científicos en la propagación y el cultivo de papaya en los últimos dieciocho años. Los estudios desarrollados en los últimos años están relacionados principalmente con sustratos para la producción de plántulas, fertilización con NPK y sistemas de riego para el cultivo. Los trabajos que abordan el espaciamiento, los tratamientos culturales alternativos y principalmente el consorcio con otras culturas son escasos. Y todavía hay poca investigación llevada a cabo en regiones que tienen aptitudes para la producción de fruta, pero no son grandes productores.O mamoeiro (Carica papaya) é uma cultura que tem demonstrado potencial em várias regiões brasileiras, seja em grandes empresas produtoras ou para a agricultura familiar. As pesquisas sobre a cultura são necessárias para o aprimoramento da produção e avanço em regiões onde a cultura é incipiente. Dessa forma objetiva-se com essa revisão verificar os avanços científicos sobre a propagação e cultivo do mamoeiro nos últimos dezoito anos. Os estudos desenvolvidos nos últimos anos são em sua maioria relativos a substratos para produção de mudas, adubação com NPK e sistemas de irrigação para a cultura. Os trabalhos abordando espaçamento, tratos culturais alternativos e principalmente o consórcio com outras culturas são escassos. E ainda são poucos as pesquisas realizadas em regiões que apresentam aptidão para a produção da fruta, porém não são grandes produtores

Economic profitability of yellow passion fruit in organic cultivationunder different input levels and irrigation

The productivity of passion fruit is low compared to its productive potential which in organic system is due to rainfed cultivation and low input levels. The aim of this work was to evaluate the profitability of yellow passion fruit production in organic system under different input levels and irrigation. The experiment was carried out in Rio Branco - AC, at the Seridó Ecological Site, conducted from November 2016 to August 2018. Randomized block design was used, arranged in a factorial scheme (3x2) with four replicates. The factors evaluated were: three input levels of inputs (fertilizers and alternative pesticides) and presence or absence of irrigation. Fertilization was carried out based on the nutrient content of the soil analysis and according to the yield estimate 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1 and 15 t ha-1. The irrigation used was with a micro sprinkler per plant. The production cost, profitability, simplified economic analysis, production for total and operating coverage were calculated based on capital depreciation, input level and labor during two cultivation years. The highest input level and irrigation increase productivity, total revenue and production requirements to cover total and operating costs. Fixed cost is higher when using combination of irrigation and input level 1; however, it provided positive economic yields.A produtividade de maracujá é baixa comparado ao seu potencial produtivo que em sistema orgânico é decorrência do cultivo de sequeiro e baixo uso de insumos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a rentabilidade da produção de maracujá amarelo em sistema orgânico sob diferentes níveis de insumos e irrigação. O experimento foi realizado em Rio Branco – AC, no Sítio Ecológico Seridó, conduzidos no período de novembro de 2016 a agosto de 2018. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, disposto em esquema fatorial (3x2) com quatro repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram: três níveis de insumos (fertilizantes e defensivos alternativos), com presença e ausência de irrigação. A adubação foi realizada com base nos teores de nutrientes da análise de solo e de acordo com a estimativa de produtividade 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1 e 15 t ha-1. A irrigação utilizada foi com um microaspersor por planta. O custo de produção, a rentabilidade, a análise econômica simplificada, a produção para cobertura total e operacional foram calculadas com base na depreciação do capital, uso de insumos e mão de obra durante dois anos de cultivo. O maior aporte de insumos e a irrigação elevam a produtividade, a receita total e a necessidade de produção para cobrir os custos operacionais e totais. O custo fixo é maior quando se faz o uso conjunto de irrigação e nível 1 de insumo, mesmo assim, proporcionam rendimentos econômicos positiv

Organic compost as a conditioner of soils cultivated with yellow passion fruit

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of organic compost on the yield and economic profitability of organic yellow passion fruit grown in sandy-loam and clay-loam soils. Two experiments were installed in the field, in different soil types and municipalities in the state of Acre. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments, four replications, and four plants per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of adding the compost as a replacement for 1/3 of the volume of cylindrical planting holes with 40 cm, 80 cm, 120 cm, 160 cm, and 200 cm, corresponding to the addition of 6.3; 25.1; 56.5; 100.4, and 156.9 liters per planting hole, respectively. The mean fruit mass and the yield of the yellow passion fruit were higher in sandy-loam soil. The total revenue was R$4,311.6 ha-1 in the clayey soil and R$ 5,841.9 ha-1 in the sandy soil. The total cost was higher in the clayey soil than in sandy soil. Both soils responded in quadratic function with an increase in the cost as the volume of organic compost was increased, ranging from R$12,736.00 ha-1 with 6.3 liters of compost per hole up to R$ 26,249.63 ha-1 with 156.9 liters of compost per hole. Net income was negative for all compost volumes in both types of soil, responding linearly, with a reduction in revenue of R$80.82 ha-1 with the addition of each liter of compost in the pit due to the low yield caused by period long drought.This research aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of organic compost on the yield and economic profitability of organic yellow passion fruit grown in sandy-loam and clay-loam soils. Two experiments were installed in the field, in different soil types and municipalities in the state of Acre. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments, four replications, and four plants per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of adding the compost as a replacement for 1/3 of the volume of cylindrical planting holes with 40 cm, 80 cm, 120 cm, 160 cm, and 200 cm, corresponding to the addition of 6.3; 25.1; 56.5; 100.4, and 156.9 liters per planting hole, respectively. The mean fruit mass and the yield of the yellow passion fruit were higher in sandy-loam soil. The total revenue was R$ 4,311.6 ha-1 in the clayey soil and R$5,841.9 ha-1 in the sandy soil. The total cost was higher in the clayey soil than in sandy soil. Both soils responded in quadratic function with an increase in the cost as the volume of organic compost was increased, ranging from R$ 12,736.00 ha-1 with 6.3 liters of compost per hole up to R$26,249.63 ha-1 with 156.9 liters of compost per hole. Net income was negative for all compost volumes in both types of soil, responding linearly, with a reduction in revenue of R$ 80.82 ha-1 with the addition of each liter of compost in the pit due to the low yield caused by period long drought

Quality improvement of papaya seedlings with residues-based substrate

A busca por substratos de qualidade e com baixo custo para a produção de mudas de alto padrão contribui com a competitividade na fruticultura. Assim objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar substratos alternativos constituídos de resíduos, para produção de mudas de mamoeiro. Para isto foi utilizado cinco tratamentos, que consistiram de substratos alternativos contendo os resíduos: (1) Casca de Arroz Carbonizada; (2) Fibra de Coco; (3) Ouricuri; (4) Sumaúma e o substrato comercial (controle) disposto em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação durante 60 dias e avaliado: diâmetro, altura, massa seca de raiz, da parte aérea e total e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. Os substratos contendo sumaúma e casca de arroz carbonizada como condicionador foram os que apresentaram os melhores índices para as variáveis analisadas. Assim substratos formulados com estes resíduos apresentam mudas de qualidade superior.La búsqueda por sustratos de calidad y con bajo costo para la producción de mudas de alto estándar contribuye con la competitividad en la fruticultura. Así se objetivó en este trabajo evaluar sustratos alternativos constituidos de residuos, para producción de mudas de mamoeiro. Para ello se utilizó cinco tratamientos, que consistían en sustratos alternativos que contienen residuos: (1) cáscaras de arroz carbonizados; (2) Fibra de Coco; (3) Ouricuri; (4) Sumaúma y el sustrato comercial (control) dispuesto en delineamiento de bloques al azar, con cuatro bloques. El experimento fue conducido en casa de vegetación durante 60 días y evaluado: diámetro, altura, masa seca de raíz, de la parte aérea y total y el índice de calidad de Dickson. Los sustratos que contenían sumaúma y cáscara de arroz carbonizada como acondicionador fueron los que presentaron los mejores índices para las variables analizadas. Así los sustratos formulados con estos residuos presentan mudas de calidad superior.The search for quality and low cost substrates for the production of high quality seedlings contributes to the competitiveness of pomology. Thus, it was objectified in the work on alternative substrates composed of residues, for the production of papaya seedlingsFor this, five treatments were used, which consisted of alternative substrates containing the residues: (1) Carbonized Rice Peel; (2) Coconut fiber; (3) Ouricuri; (4) Sumaúma and commercial substrate (control) arranged in a randomized block design with four blocks. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for 60 days and evaluated: diameter, height, root dry mass, aerial part and and Dickson's quality score.The substrates containing kapok and charcoal rice husk as conditioner were the ones that presented the best indexes for the analyzed variables. Thus substrates formed by these residues present seedlings of superior quality

Chemical soil and leaf properties in yellow passion fruit cultivation with organic fertilization

The yellow passion fruit presents a high nutritional demand, and successive cultivations in the same area lead the soil to nutritional exhaustion, creating the need for restitution through fertilizers. In the context of organic managements, alternatives must be sought, which, besides improving soil fertility, can increase the contents of soil organic matter. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of organic basal fertilization in passion fruit cultivation on the chemical properties of the soil and nutrient contents of the plant. Two experiments were performed in two rural properties, with soils presenting sandy-loam and clay-loam texture. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (RBD), with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments consisted of the application of organic compost in different planting hole diameters: 0.4 m; 0.8 m; 1.2 m; 1.6 m, and 2.0 m, and their respective volumes of organic compost: 0.0007 m³; 0.03 m³; 0.06 m³, 0.10 m³; 0.16 m³. The chemical characteristics of the soil and the foliar content of nutrients were evaluated. Soil texture interferes with the effects of organic fertilization. Regardless of the texture, fertilization increases the contents of organic matter and P in the soil. The successive organic cultivation in a sandy-loam soil increases the content of P and provides higher foliar contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Na.The yellow passion fruit presents a high nutritional demand, and successive cultivations in the same area lead the soil to nutritional exhaustion, creating the need for restitution through fertilizers. In the context of organic managements, alternatives must be sought, which, besides improving soil fertility, can increase the contents of soil organic matter. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of organic basal fertilization in passion fruit cultivation on the chemical properties of the soil and nutrient contents of the plant. Two experiments were performed in two rural properties, with soils presenting sandy-loam and clay-loam texture. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (RBD), with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments consisted of the application of organic compost in different planting hole diameters: 0.4 m; 0.8 m; 1.2 m; 1.6 m, and 2.0 m, and their respective volumes of organic compost: 0.0007 m³; 0.03 m³; 0.06 m³, 0.10 m³; 0.16 m³. The chemical characteristics of the soil and the foliar content of nutrients were evaluated. Soil texture interferes with the effects of organic fertilization. Regardless of the texture, fertilization increases the contents of organic matter and P in the soil. The successive organic cultivation in a sandy-loam soil increases the content of P and provides higher foliar contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Na

Rooting of the high seedling stem of yellow passion fruit for deep planting

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) para induzir o enraizamento do caule de muda alta do maracujazeiro amarelo por mergulhia aérea, para plantio profundo com afogamento do colo e parte do caule da planta. Plantas de maracujazeiro amarelo com 90 dias de idade, com dois metros de altura, tiveram o colo e um metro de caule envolvidos por tubos plásticos de policloreto de vinil (PVC) de 75 mm de diâmetro preenchido com solo orgânico. Para a submissão do caule, foram retiradas todas as folhas nos primeiros 100 cm, aferidos cortes paralelos na epiderme internodais com lâmina de aço e aplicado AIB diluído em talco, nas concentrações de 0, 1.000, 2.000, 3.000 e 4.000 mg kg-1 de AIB. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições de quatro plantas cada. Foram avaliados, a porcentagem de enraizamento, alturas mínima e máxima de enraizamento, o número de raízes e de calo por planta e a massa seca de raízes. O enraizamento do caule aumentou linearmente de 60% sem aplicação de AIB para 92,5% na concentração de 4000 mg Kg-1. O número de raízes, de calos e a massa seca das raízes não variaram entre as concentrações de AIB. O enraizamento ocorreu, em média, entre 0,16 m e 0,69 m a partir do colo.El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de ácido indolbutírico (IBA) para inducir el enraizamiento del tallo alto de las plántulas de maracuyá amarillo por inmersión aérea, para la siembra profunda con ahogamiento del tallo y parte del tallo de la planta. Las plantas amarillas de maracuyá, de 90 días de edad, de dos metros de altura, tenían el cuello y el tallo de un metro rodeados de tubos de plástico de cloruro de polivinilo (PVC) de 75 mm de diámetro llenos de tierra orgánica. Para la presentación del tallo, seeliminaron todas las hojas en los primeros 100 cm, se midieron cortes paralelos en la epidermis internodal con una cuchilla de acero y se aplicó AIB diluido en talco, en concentraciones de 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 y 4,000 mg kg-1 de AIB El diseño experimental utilizado fue en bloques al azar, con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de cuatro plantas cada uno. Se evaluaron el porcentaje de enraizamiento, la altura de enraizamiento mínima y máxima, el número de raíces y callos por planta y la masa de raíz seca. El enraizamiento del tallo aumentó linealmente de 60% sin aplicación de IBA a 92.5% a la concentración de 4000 mg Kg-1. El número de raíces, callosidades y materia seca de la raíz no varió entre las concentraciones de IBA. El enraizamiento se produjo, en promedio, entre 0,16 my 0,69 m desde el cuello.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of indolebutyric acid (IBA) to induce the rooting of the high seedlings of the yellow passion fruit tree by the air layering for deep transplanting with drowning of the neck and part of the stem of the plant. Yellow passion fruit trees with 90 days old, two meter long, had the neck and one meter of stem surrounded by plastic tubes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) of 75 mm diameter filled with organic soil. For the grounding of the stem, all leaves were removed in the first 100 cm of the stem, parallel cuts were measured in the epidermis with steel blade and applied IBA diluted in industrial talc at the concentrations of 0; 1,000; 2,000; 3,000 and 4,000 mg kg-1 of AIB. The experimental design was a randomized block design with five treatments and four replicates of four plants each. Rooting percentage, minimum and maximum rooting height, number of roots and callus per plant and root dry mass were evaluated. Rooting of the stem increasing linearly from 60% without application of IBA to 92.5% at the concentration of 4,000 mg kg-1. The number of roots, calli and root dry mass did not vary between AIB concentrations. Rooting occurred on average between 0.16 m and 0.69 m from the colon

Produtividade de almeirão orgânico produzido com substratos alternativos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar substratos alternativos na qualidade de mudas e produtividade do almeirão em cultivo orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido em duas fases: em viveiro e em campo, em junho de 2016. O campo experimental está localizado no Sítio Ecológico Seridó, em Rio Branco, Acre. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo substrato comercial Golden® utilizado como controle e por mais quatro substratos alternativos. Os substratos alternativos foram compostos por: terra (30%), composto orgânico (30%); condicionador de solo (30%), carvão (10%), termofosfato natural (1,5 kg m-3), calcário dolomítico (1,0 kg m-3) e sulfato de potássio (1,0 kg m-3), o que os diferenciaram foi a substituição do condicionador: casca de arroz carbonizada; fibra de coco; fibra do caule da palmeira ouricurí (Attalea phalerata) ou caule decomposto de sumaúma (Ceiba pentandra). A cultivar utilizada foi almeirão pão de açúcar. Aos 22 dias após a semeadura as mudas foram avaliadas para a obtenção do índice de qualidade e aos 60 dias após o transplantio a campo avaliou-se a massa fresca total, comercial, seca total, comercial e a produtividade total e comercial. Os substratos contendo sumaúma e fibra de coco tiveram melhor desempenho para massa seca da raiz e índice de qualidade de Dickson na fase de muda, massa fresca total, massa seca total e comercial e produtividade total à campo