13 research outputs found

    Konfliktmineraler och internationellt ansvarstagande: En studie av Dodd-Frank Act 1502 och dess pÄverkan pÄ stabiliteten i Demokratiska Republiken Kongo

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    TÀvlan om kontroll över utvinning av eftertraktade mineraler i DR Kongo har lett till blodiga strider med förödande konsekvenser för civilbefolkningen. Landet Àr idag mycket fattigt och instabilt trots stora naturrikedomar. Mineralerna anvÀnds i tillverkningen av en mÀngd elektronikprodukter som Äterfinns över hela vÀrlden och det Àr hög tid att det internationella samfundet tar sitt ansvar. Den amerikanska lagstiftningen Dodd-Frank Act 1502 Àr speciellt framtagen för att kontrollera handeln med sÄ kallade konfliktmineraler och vÄr undersökning Àmnar utreda hur lagen har pÄverkat stabiliteten i DR Kongo. Genom en komparativ studie över tid har vi nÄtt resultatet att Dodd-Frank Act 1502 inte har haft nÄgon större positiv inverkan pÄ stabiliteten i DR Kongo. Med hjÀlp av konstruktivistisk normteori förklarar vi orsakerna till resultatets utfall och diskuterar lagens potential som en internationell norm med syfte att reglera handel med konfliktmineraler vilket Àmnar skapa stabilitet i DR Kongo

    The Desmoplastic Stroma Plays an Essential Role in the Accumulation and Modulation of Infiltrated Immune Cells in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

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    Tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells, fibroblasts, and infiltrating immune cells, which all work together and create an inflammatory environment favoring tumor progression. The present study aimed to investigate the role of the desmoplastic stroma in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) regarding expression of inflammatory factors and infiltration of immune cells and their impact on the clinical outcome. The PDAC tissues examined expressed significantly increased levels of immunomodulatory and chemotactic factors (IL-6, TGFÎČ, IDO, COX-2, CCL2, and CCL20) and immune cell-specific markers corresponding to macrophages, myeloid, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) as compared to controls. Furthermore, short-time survivors had the lowest levels of DC markers. Immunostainings indicated that the different immune cells and inflammatory factors are mainly localized to the desmoplastic stroma. Therapies modulating the inflammatory tumor microenvironment to promote the attraction of DCs and differentiation of monocytes into functional DCs might improve the survival of PDAC patients

    Hiphop, kön och sexualitet : en diskursanalys av svenska hiphoptexter

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    This paper will have a focus on hip hop and feminist theory. The theory is based on Judith Butler's theory of gender as discursive and performative and heterosexuality as the norm. The norm of heterosexuality is influenced by the power structure presented by Michael Foucault and his theory of sexuality and power. The material that will be investigated consists of rap lyrics from 10 Swedish hip-hop artists, and these will be analyzed by using the theory presented and with Norman Faircloughs critical discourse analysis as a method. The purpose of this paper is to explore how sexuality and gender are reproduced in rap lyrics. And to see if the heterosexual matrix as Butler believes is the governing norm formation in our society is reproduced or challenged in the texts. A reproduction of gender and sexuality within the heterosexual matrix framework allows it to be maintained and if there is something outside the "natural", there is a discrepancy and heterosexuality becomes challenged. Hiphop have both been accused of sexism and women's oppression but also been acclaimed for fine sincerity and in recent years a hint of feminism. This makes rap lyrics an interesting basis for my investigation

    Bygglogistik-ett examensarbete om byggbranschens logistik och dess lÄga produktivitetsutveckling

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    There is often talk about the construction industry and its reluctant to change. The industry also lags behind in productivity and cost reduction compared to other industries. Statistics from SCB shows that the costs of producing buildings have risen sharply over time, although the construction companies continue to build. We will therefore in this thesis examine the application of logistics in the construction industry and the problems involved. This is because a non-functioning logistics leads to higher costs. With the help of a literature review and interviews with people in the construction industry we will try to answer the following questions: o Are there any unique conditions for the construction industry, which explains its loweffectiveness? o Why hasn’t the construction industry improved its logistics at the same pace as other sectors? An explanation of the construction industry's slow pace of change may be that the urge from the market aren’t strong enough. The final customer has a weak position in the construction market and therefore customers demand doesn’t work as a good enough instruments. Wastage and embedded uncertainty is a common problem in a building project. Wasting is an activity that consumes resources but doesn’t create any value. Construction firms have thus created a tradition of working in high risk and uncertainties. The consequences of these risks and uncertainties are often negative, such as variations in process and variation outcome. Another common problem is fault in the construction, arising out of negligence, carelessness, ignorance or lack of clarity. The implications of these faults are high costs and poor quality of rectification. Many of these construction faults could be avoided by a deliberate planning, clear orders and good timing. The interaction between different actors is a major success factor in the manufacturing process. With good co-operation you save both time and money. Lean Construction is an application of Lean Production in the construction industry. The construction industry has in recent years realized that cooperation between building owners, contractors and suppliers are valuable. The construction industry has largely remained problems that previously existed in the automotive industry such as losses on the value of coordination problems, waiting times and information-related problems. If the construction process will be more influenced by Lean, there is great potential for streamlining. Since Sweden is very high in the pulp and paper industry, we have chosen to compare the construction industry with this industry. The technological processes in the pulp and paper industry have been intensified considerably in recent decades, which is the opposite of what the construction industry has made. One reason for is that the competition in the construction industry is low and therefore there is no need and desire to streamline themselves to oust their opponents. The construction industry has some unique conditions, the projects carries out in new places every time which makes it difficult to know the conditions for each new project. However, the construction industry would be more efficient and much waste could be reduced by better planning and better cooperation among the different actors.Det talas ofta om att byggbranschen Ă€r obenĂ€gen till förĂ€ndringar samt att den slĂ€par efter vad gĂ€ller produktivitetsutveckling och kostnadsreducering jĂ€mfört med andra branscher. Statistik frĂ„n SCB visar att kostnaderna för att producera byggnader har stigit kraftigt över tiden, trots detta fĂ„r byggföretagen fortsĂ€tta bygga . I detta examensarbete kommer det att undersökas hur logistiken tillĂ€mpas inom byggbranschen samt vilka problem som finns. Detta eftersom en icke fungerande logistik leder till högre kostnader. Med hjĂ€lp av en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med personer inom byggbranschen ska följande frĂ„gestĂ€llningar försöka besvaras: o Finns det unika förutsĂ€ttningar för byggbranschen som förklarar dess lĂ„ga effektivitet? o Varför har byggbranschen inte förbĂ€ttrat sin logistik i samma takt som andra sektorer?   En förklaring till byggbranschens lĂ„ngsamma förĂ€ndringstakt kan vara att drivkrafterna frĂ„n marknaden inte Ă€r tillrĂ€ckligt starka. Slutkunden har en svag stĂ€llning pĂ„ byggmarknaden och slutkundens efterfrĂ„gan fungerar inte som ett tillrĂ€ckligt bra styrmedel. Slöseri och inbyggda osĂ€kerheter Ă€r ett vanligt problem i ett byggprojekt. Slöseri Ă€r en aktivitet som förbrukar resurser men som inte skapar nĂ„got vĂ€rde. Byggföretagen har alltsĂ„ skapat en tradition av att arbeta under stora risker och osĂ€kerheter. Konsekvenserna av dessa risker och osĂ€kerheter Ă€r ofta negativa, t ex variation i processen och variation i slutresultatet. Ett annat vanligt problem Ă€r byggfel, som uppstĂ„r pĂ„ grund av slarv, nonchalans, okunskap eller otydlighet. Konsekvenserna av dessa byggfel Ă€r höga kostnader och bristande kvalitet vid Ă„tgĂ€rdande. MĂ„nga av dessa byggfel hade kunna motverkas med en genomtĂ€nkt projektering, tydliga bestĂ€llningar och en bra tidsplanering. Inom tillverkningsindustrin Ă€r samverkan mellan processens olika aktörer en stor framgĂ„ngsfaktor. Genom ett bra samarbete sparar man bĂ„de tid och pengar. Lean Construction Ă€r en tillĂ€mpning av Lean Production inom byggindustrin. För att effektivisera byggprocesser bör man förbĂ€ttra samverkansklimatet. Inom byggbranschen har man de senaste Ă„ren insett att samarbete mellan byggherrar, entreprenörer och leverantörer Ă€r vĂ€rdefullt. Byggindustrin har i stor utstrĂ€ckning kvar problem som tidigare fanns inom bilindustrin sĂ„som vĂ€rdeförluster vid samordningsproblem, vĂ€ntetider och informationsrelaterade problem. Om byggprocessen blir mer influerad av Lean finns det stora möjligheter för effektivisering. DĂ„ Sverige Ă€r vĂ€ldigt stora inom massa- och pappersindustrin kommer det att göras en jĂ€mförelse mellan byggindustrin och denna industri. De teknologiska processerna i massa- och pappersindustrin har effektiverats kraftigt under de senaste decennierna vilket Ă€r motsatsen till vad byggindustrin har gjort. En av anledningarna till detta tros vara att konkurrensen inom byggindustrin Ă€r lĂ„g och dĂ€rför finns inte behov och vilja att effektivisera sig för att konkurrera ut sina motstĂ„ndare. Byggbranschen har till viss del unika förutsĂ€ttningar, projekten utförs pĂ„ nya platser varje gĂ„ng vilket gör det svĂ„rt att veta vilka förutsĂ€ttningar som finns för varje nytt projekt. Dock skulle byggbranschen kunna effektiviseras och mycket slöseri skulle kunna minskas med bĂ€ttre planering och bĂ€ttre samarbete mellan projektets olika aktörer

    Bygglogistik-ett examensarbete om byggbranschens logistik och dess lÄga produktivitetsutveckling

    No full text
    There is often talk about the construction industry and its reluctant to change. The industry also lags behind in productivity and cost reduction compared to other industries. Statistics from SCB shows that the costs of producing buildings have risen sharply over time, although the construction companies continue to build. We will therefore in this thesis examine the application of logistics in the construction industry and the problems involved. This is because a non-functioning logistics leads to higher costs. With the help of a literature review and interviews with people in the construction industry we will try to answer the following questions: o Are there any unique conditions for the construction industry, which explains its loweffectiveness? o Why hasn’t the construction industry improved its logistics at the same pace as other sectors? An explanation of the construction industry's slow pace of change may be that the urge from the market aren’t strong enough. The final customer has a weak position in the construction market and therefore customers demand doesn’t work as a good enough instruments. Wastage and embedded uncertainty is a common problem in a building project. Wasting is an activity that consumes resources but doesn’t create any value. Construction firms have thus created a tradition of working in high risk and uncertainties. The consequences of these risks and uncertainties are often negative, such as variations in process and variation outcome. Another common problem is fault in the construction, arising out of negligence, carelessness, ignorance or lack of clarity. The implications of these faults are high costs and poor quality of rectification. Many of these construction faults could be avoided by a deliberate planning, clear orders and good timing. The interaction between different actors is a major success factor in the manufacturing process. With good co-operation you save both time and money. Lean Construction is an application of Lean Production in the construction industry. The construction industry has in recent years realized that cooperation between building owners, contractors and suppliers are valuable. The construction industry has largely remained problems that previously existed in the automotive industry such as losses on the value of coordination problems, waiting times and information-related problems. If the construction process will be more influenced by Lean, there is great potential for streamlining. Since Sweden is very high in the pulp and paper industry, we have chosen to compare the construction industry with this industry. The technological processes in the pulp and paper industry have been intensified considerably in recent decades, which is the opposite of what the construction industry has made. One reason for is that the competition in the construction industry is low and therefore there is no need and desire to streamline themselves to oust their opponents. The construction industry has some unique conditions, the projects carries out in new places every time which makes it difficult to know the conditions for each new project. However, the construction industry would be more efficient and much waste could be reduced by better planning and better cooperation among the different actors.Det talas ofta om att byggbranschen Ă€r obenĂ€gen till förĂ€ndringar samt att den slĂ€par efter vad gĂ€ller produktivitetsutveckling och kostnadsreducering jĂ€mfört med andra branscher. Statistik frĂ„n SCB visar att kostnaderna för att producera byggnader har stigit kraftigt över tiden, trots detta fĂ„r byggföretagen fortsĂ€tta bygga . I detta examensarbete kommer det att undersökas hur logistiken tillĂ€mpas inom byggbranschen samt vilka problem som finns. Detta eftersom en icke fungerande logistik leder till högre kostnader. Med hjĂ€lp av en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med personer inom byggbranschen ska följande frĂ„gestĂ€llningar försöka besvaras: o Finns det unika förutsĂ€ttningar för byggbranschen som förklarar dess lĂ„ga effektivitet? o Varför har byggbranschen inte förbĂ€ttrat sin logistik i samma takt som andra sektorer?   En förklaring till byggbranschens lĂ„ngsamma förĂ€ndringstakt kan vara att drivkrafterna frĂ„n marknaden inte Ă€r tillrĂ€ckligt starka. Slutkunden har en svag stĂ€llning pĂ„ byggmarknaden och slutkundens efterfrĂ„gan fungerar inte som ett tillrĂ€ckligt bra styrmedel. Slöseri och inbyggda osĂ€kerheter Ă€r ett vanligt problem i ett byggprojekt. Slöseri Ă€r en aktivitet som förbrukar resurser men som inte skapar nĂ„got vĂ€rde. Byggföretagen har alltsĂ„ skapat en tradition av att arbeta under stora risker och osĂ€kerheter. Konsekvenserna av dessa risker och osĂ€kerheter Ă€r ofta negativa, t ex variation i processen och variation i slutresultatet. Ett annat vanligt problem Ă€r byggfel, som uppstĂ„r pĂ„ grund av slarv, nonchalans, okunskap eller otydlighet. Konsekvenserna av dessa byggfel Ă€r höga kostnader och bristande kvalitet vid Ă„tgĂ€rdande. MĂ„nga av dessa byggfel hade kunna motverkas med en genomtĂ€nkt projektering, tydliga bestĂ€llningar och en bra tidsplanering. Inom tillverkningsindustrin Ă€r samverkan mellan processens olika aktörer en stor framgĂ„ngsfaktor. Genom ett bra samarbete sparar man bĂ„de tid och pengar. Lean Construction Ă€r en tillĂ€mpning av Lean Production inom byggindustrin. För att effektivisera byggprocesser bör man förbĂ€ttra samverkansklimatet. Inom byggbranschen har man de senaste Ă„ren insett att samarbete mellan byggherrar, entreprenörer och leverantörer Ă€r vĂ€rdefullt. Byggindustrin har i stor utstrĂ€ckning kvar problem som tidigare fanns inom bilindustrin sĂ„som vĂ€rdeförluster vid samordningsproblem, vĂ€ntetider och informationsrelaterade problem. Om byggprocessen blir mer influerad av Lean finns det stora möjligheter för effektivisering. DĂ„ Sverige Ă€r vĂ€ldigt stora inom massa- och pappersindustrin kommer det att göras en jĂ€mförelse mellan byggindustrin och denna industri. De teknologiska processerna i massa- och pappersindustrin har effektiverats kraftigt under de senaste decennierna vilket Ă€r motsatsen till vad byggindustrin har gjort. En av anledningarna till detta tros vara att konkurrensen inom byggindustrin Ă€r lĂ„g och dĂ€rför finns inte behov och vilja att effektivisera sig för att konkurrera ut sina motstĂ„ndare. Byggbranschen har till viss del unika förutsĂ€ttningar, projekten utförs pĂ„ nya platser varje gĂ„ng vilket gör det svĂ„rt att veta vilka förutsĂ€ttningar som finns för varje nytt projekt. Dock skulle byggbranschen kunna effektiviseras och mycket slöseri skulle kunna minskas med bĂ€ttre planering och bĂ€ttre samarbete mellan projektets olika aktörer

    Epoxyalcohols: Bioactivation and Conjugation Required for Skin Sensitization

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    Allylic alcohols, such as geraniol <b>1</b>, are easily oxidized by varying mechanisms, including the formation of both 2,3-epoxides and/or aldehydes. These epoxides, aldehydes, and epoxy-aldehydes can be interconverted to each other, and the reactivity of them all must be considered when considering the sensitization potential of the parent allylic alcohol. An in-depth study of the possible metabolites and autoxidation products of allylic alcohols is described, covering the formation, interconversion, reactivity, and sensitizing potential thereof, using a combination of <i>in vivo</i>, <i>in vitro</i>, <i>in chemico</i>, and <i>in silico</i> methods. This multimodal study, using the integration of diverse techniques to investigate the sensitization potential of a molecule, allows the identification of potential candidate(s) for the true culprit(s) in allergic responses to allylic alcohols. Overall, the sensitization potential of the investigated epoxyalcohols and unsaturated alcohols was found to derive from metabolic oxidation to the more potent aldehyde where possible. Where this is less likely, the compound remains weakly or nonsensitizing. Metabolic activation of a double bond to form a nonconjugated, nonterminal epoxide moiety is not enough to turn a nonsensitizing alcohol into a sensitizer, as such epoxides have low reactivity and low sensitizing potency. In addition, even an allylic 2,3-epoxide moiety is not necessarily a potent sensitizer, as shown for <b>2</b>, where formation of the epoxide weakens the sensitization potential
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